1. Ukucisha
1. Kuyini ukucisha?
Ukucisha inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa esetshenziselwa insimbi. Kule nqubo, insimbi ishiselwa ekushiseni okungaphezu kwezinga lokushisa elibalulekile i-Ac3 (yensimbi ye-hypereutectoid) noma i-Ac1 (yensimbi ye-hypereutectoid). Ibe-ke igcinwa kuleli zinga lokushisa isikhathi esithile ukuze iqinise insimbi ngokugcwele noma kancane, bese ipholiswa ngokushesha ibe ngaphansi kukaNkz (noma ibanjwe i-isothermally eduze noNks) ngenani lokupholisa elingaphezu kwezinga lokupholisa elibalulekile ukuze liyiguqule ibe yi-martensite ( noma bainite). I-Quenching iphinde isetshenziselwe ukwelashwa kwesisombululo esiqinile kanye nokupholisa ngokushesha kwezinto ezifana nama-alloys e-aluminium, ama-alloys ethusi, ama-titanium alloys, nengilazi epholile.
2. Inhloso yokucisha:
1) Thuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini zemikhiqizo yensimbi noma izingxenye. Isibonelo, kuthuthukisa ubulukhuni nokugqoka ukumelana kwamathuluzi, ama-bearings, njll., kwandisa umkhawulo wokunwebeka wemithombo, kuthuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini yonke yezingxenye ze-shaft, njll.
2) Ukuthuthukisa izinto ezibonakalayo noma zamakhemikhali ezinhlobo ezithile zensimbi, njengokuthuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi engagqwali noma ukukhulisa uzibuthe unomphela wensimbi kazibuthe, kubalulekile ukukhetha ngokucophelela imidiya yokucisha futhi usebenzise indlela efanele yokucisha ngesikhathi inqubo yokucisha kanye nokupholisa. Izindlela zokucisha ezivame ukusetshenziswa zifaka ukucisha uketshezi olulodwa, ukucisha uketshezi oluphindwe kabili, ukucisha okuhleliwe, ukucisha i-isothermal, nokucisha indawo. Indlela ngayinye inezinhlelo zayo zokusebenza nezinzuzo ezithile.
3. Ngemva kokucisha, izinto zokusebenza zensimbi zibonisa izici ezilandelayo:
- Izakhiwo ezingazinzile njenge-martensite, bainite, ne-austenite esele zikhona.
- Kukhona ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi okuphezulu.
- Izakhiwo zemishini azihlangabezani nezidingo. Ngakho-ke, ama-workpieces ensimbi ngokuvamile athola ukushisa ngemva kokucisha.
2. Ukuthukuthela
1. Kuyini ukuthulisa?
I-Tempering inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa ehlanganisa ukushisisa izinto zensimbi ezicishiwe noma izingxenye kuzinga lokushisa elithile, ukugcina izinga lokushisa isikhathi esithile, bese lizipholisa ngendlela ethile. Ukushisa kwenziwa ngokushesha ngemva kokucisha futhi ngokuvamile kuyisinyathelo sokugcina ekwelapheni ukushisa kwendawo yokusebenza. Inqubo ehlanganisiwe yokucisha kanye nokushisa ibizwa ngokuthi ukwelashwa kokugcina.
2. Izinjongo eziyinhloko zokucisha nokuthulisa yilezi:
- Ukushisa kubalulekile ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi kanye nokuqina ezingxenyeni ezicishiwe. Uma zingathukuthelisi ngesikhathi, lezi zingxenye zingase ziwohloke noma ziqhekeke ngenxa yengcindezi ephezulu kanye nokuqina okubangelwa ukucisha.
- I-Tempering ingase isetshenziselwe ukulungisa izakhiwo zemishini ye-workpiece, njengokuqina, amandla, ipulasitiki, nokuqina, ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokusebenza ezahlukene.
- Ukwengeza, ukuthambisa kusiza ukuzinzisa usayizi wengcezu yokusebenza ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho deformation eyenzekayo ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa okulandelayo, njengoba kusimamisa ukwakheka kwe-metallographic.
- Ukushisa kungathuthukisa nokusebenza kokusika kwezinsimbi ezithile ze-alloy.
3. Indima yokwehlisa umoya yile:
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi umsebenzi wokusebenza uhlala uzinzile futhi awukho ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa, kubalulekile ukuthuthukisa ukuzinza kwesakhiwo. Lokhu kuhilela ukuqeda ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi, okubuye kusize ukuzinzisa ubukhulu bejometri futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza komsebenzi womsebenzi. Ukwengeza, ukushisa kungasiza ukulungisa izakhiwo zensimbi ukuze zihlangabezane nezidingo ezithile zokusetshenziswa.
Ukushisa kunale miphumela ngoba lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, umsebenzi we-athomu uyathuthukiswa, okuvumela ama-athomu ensimbi, ikhabhoni, nezinye izakhi zengxube yensimbi ukuba asakazeke ngokushesha. Lokhu kuvumela ukuhlelwa kabusha kwama-athomu, ukuguqula isakhiwo esingazinzile, esingalingani sibe isakhiwo esizinzile, esinokulinganisela.
Lapho insimbi ithambile, ubulukhuni namandla kuncipha ngenkathi ipulasitiki ikhula. Izinga lalezi zinguquko ezicini zemishini lincike ekushiseni okushisayo, namazinga okushisa aphezulu aholela ekushintsheni okukhulu. Kwezinye izinsimbi ze-alloy ezinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezakhi ze-alloying, ukushisa kwebanga elithile lokushisa kungaholela emvuleni yezinhlanganisela zensimbi ezinhle. Lokhu kwandisa amandla nobulukhuni, into eyaziwa ngokuthi ukuqina kwesibili.
Izidingo zokushisa: Ezihlukileizingxenye ezenziwe ngomshinizidinga ukushisa kumazinga okushisa ahlukene ukuze zihlangabezane nezidingo ezithile zokusetshenziswa. Nawa amazinga okushisa anconyiwe ezinhlobo ezahlukene zezingxenye zokusebenza:
1. Amathuluzi okusika, ama-bearings, izingxenye ze-carburized nezicishiwe, kanye nezingxenye ezicishiwe ezingaphezulu ngokuvamile zifudumala emazingeni okushisa aphansi angaphansi kuka-250 ° C. Le nqubo iholela ekushintsheni okuncane kokuqina, ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi, nokuthuthukiswa okuncane kokuqina.
2. Iziphethu zishiswa emazingeni okushisa aphakathi nendawo ukusuka ku-350-500°C ukuze kuzuzwe ukunwebeka okuphezulu kanye nokuqina okudingekayo.
3. Izingxenye ezenziwe ngensimbi yesakhiwo sekhabhoni emaphakathi ngokuvamile zishiswa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu angu-500-600°C ukuze kutholwe inhlanganisela efanele yamandla nokuqina.
Uma insimbi ifutheka cishe ku-300°C, ingaba brittle, into eyaziwa ngokuthi uhlobo lokuqala lokufutheka kwentukuthelo. Ngokuvamile, ukushisa akufanele kwenziwe kuleli banga lokushisa. Amanye ama-medium-carbon alloy structural steels ajwayele ukuba brittleness uma epholiswa kancane kancane kuthempelesha yegumbi ngemva kokufuthelana kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, okwaziwa njengohlobo lwesibili lokufutheka kwentukuthelo. Ukwengeza i-molybdenum ensimbi noma ekupholiseni emafutheni noma emanzini ngesikhathi sokushisa kungavimbela uhlobo lwesibili lokufutheka kwentukuthelo. Ukushisa kabusha uhlobo lwesibili lwensimbi eqinile enomoya oshisayo kuya kumazinga okushisa asekuqaleni angaqeda lokhu konakala.
Ekukhiqizeni, ukukhetha izinga lokushisa lokushisa kuncike ezidingweni zokusebenza ze-workpiece. I-Tempering ihlukaniswa ngokusekelwe kumazinga okushisa ahlukene ukuze izinga lokushisa liphansi, izinga lokushisa eliphakathi nendawo, kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa okubandakanya ukucisha okulandelwa ukufutheka kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kubizwa ngokuthi ukufudumala, okuholela ekubeni namandla aphezulu, ipulasitiki enhle, kanye nokuqina.
- Izinga lokushisa eliphansi: 150-250 ° C, M ukushisa. Le nqubo inciphisa ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi kanye nokuqina, ithuthukisa ipulasitiki nokuqina, futhi ibangele ubulukhuni obuphezulu nokumelana nokugqoka. Ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa ukwenza amathuluzi okulinganisa, amathuluzi okusika, ama-rolling bearings, njll.
- Izinga lokushisa elimaphakathi: 350-500°C, T tempering. Le nqubo yokuthambisa iphumela ekunwebekeni okuphezulu, ipulasitiki ethile, nobulukhuni. Kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza iziphethu, ama-forging dies, njll.
- Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu: 500-650 ° C, S tempering. Le nqubo iphumela ezinhlelweni eziphelele zemishini futhi ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza amagiya, ama-crankshafts, njll.
3. Ukujwayela
1. Kuyini ukujwayelekile?
Icnc inquboof normalizing ukwelapha ukushisa okusetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ukuqina kwensimbi. Ingxenye yensimbi ifudunyezwa kumazinga okushisa aphakathi kuka-30 kuya ku-50°C ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa le-Ac3, eligcinwe kulelo zinga lokushisa isikhathi esithile, bese umoya upholiswa ngaphandle kwesithando somlilo. Ukwenza okuvamile kuhlanganisa ukupholisa okusheshayo kunokupholisa kodwa okunensa kunokucisha. Le nqubo iphumela ekucwengisisweni kwezinhlamvu zekristalu kunsimbi, amandla athuthukayo, ukuqina (njengoba kuboniswa inani le-AKV), nokunciphisa ukuthambekela kwengxenye yokuqhekeka. Ukwenza okuvamile kungathuthukisa ngokuphawulekayo izici ezibanzi zemishini zamapuleti ensimbi anengxubevange eshisayo egoqelwe, ama-forging ensimbi anealloy ephansi, nokulingisa, kanye nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kokusika.
2. Ukwenza kube ngokwejwayelekile kunezinjongo kanye nokusetshenziswa okulandelayo:
1. Insimbi ye-Hypereutectoid: I-normalizing isetshenziselwa ukuqeda izakhiwo ezishisiwe ze-coarse-grained kanye ne-Widmanstatten kuma-castings, ama-forging, nama-weldments, kanye nezakhiwo eziboshwe ezintweni ezigoqiwe. Icwenga okusanhlamvu futhi ingasetshenziswa njengokwelashwa kwangaphambi kokushisa ngaphambi kokucisha.
2. Insimbi ye-hypereutectoid: Ukujwayela kungaqeda i-cementite yesibili yenethiwekhi futhi kucwengisise i-pearlite, ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini kanye nokwenza lula ukukhishwa kwe-spheroidizing okulandelayo.
3. Ikhabhoni ephansi, amapuleti ensimbi azacile adonswe ngokujulile: Ukujwayela kungasusa usimende wamahhala emngceleni wokusanhlamvu, kuthuthukise ukusebenza komdwebo ojulile.
4. Insimbi enekhabhoni ephansi kanye nensimbi ene-low-carbon low-alloy: Ukujwayela kungathola izakhiwo ze-pearlite ezicolekile, ezigqagqene, ukuqina okwandayo kuye ku-HB140-190, ukugwema into “yommese wokunamathela” ngesikhathi sokusika, nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle. Ezimweni lapho kokubili ukujwayela kanye nokudonsa kungasetshenziselwa insimbi ye-carbon-carbon, ukujwayelekile ukonga futhi kulula.
5. Insimbi evamile ye-medium-carbon structural steel: I-normalizing ingasetshenziswa esikhundleni sokucisha kanye nokushisa okuphezulu lapho izakhiwo eziphezulu zemishini zingadingeki, okwenza inqubo ibe lula futhi iqinisekise isakhiwo sensimbi esizinzile nosayizi.
6. Ukushisa okuphezulu okujwayelekile (150-200 ° C ngaphezu kwe-Ac3): Ukunciphisa ukuhlukaniswa kwengxenye yokubunjwa nokubunjwa ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lokusabalalisa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Izinhlamvu ezimahhadlahhadla zingacwengwa ngokujwayela kwesibili okulandelanayo ekushiseni okuphansi.
7. Izinsimbi zengxube ye-carbon alloy ephansi naphakathi esetshenziswa kuma-steam turbines nama-boilers: Ukwenza okujwayelekile kusetshenziselwa ukuthola isakhiwo se-bainite, okulandelwa ukushisa okuphezulu kwezinga lokushisa lokumelana okuhle kokukhasa ku-400-550 ° C.
8. Ngaphandle kwezingxenye zensimbi nezinto zensimbi, i-normalization iphinde isetshenziswe kabanzi ekwelapheni ukushisa kwensimbi ye-ductile ukuze uthole i-matrix ye-pearlite futhi uthuthukise amandla ensimbi ye-ductile. Izici zokujwayelekile zifaka ukupholisa komoya, ngakho-ke izinga lokushisa le-ambient, indlela yokupakisha, ukugeleza komoya, nosayizi wocezu lomsebenzi konke kunomthelela esakhiweni nasekusebenzeni ngemva kokujwayelekile. Isakhiwo esijwayelekile singasetshenziswa njengendlela yokuhlukanisa insimbi ye-alloy. Ngokuvamile, insimbi yengxubevange ihlukaniswa ngensimbi ye-pearlite, insimbi ye-bainite, insimbi ye-martensite, nensimbi ye-austenite, kuye ngesakhiwo esitholwe ukupholisa komoya ngemva kokushisisa isampula enobubanzi obungu-25 mm ukuya ku-900°C.
4. Ukwehliswa
1. Kuyini ukuthungatha?
I-Anealing iyinqubo yokwelapha ukushisa kwensimbi. Kuhilela ukushisa kancane kancane insimbi ezingeni lokushisa elithile, ukuyigcina ikulelozinga lokushisa isikhathi esithile, bese uyipholisa ngezinga elifanele. I-annealing ingahlukaniswa ibe i-annealing ephelele, i-annealing engaphelele, kanye nokunciphisa ingcindezi. Izakhiwo zemishini yezinto ezifakwe emanzini zingahlolwa ngokuhlolwa okuqinile noma ukuhlolwa kokuqina. Izinsimbi eziningi zinikezwa esimweni sokuthunjwa. Ukuqina kwensimbi kungahlolwa kusetshenziswa i-Rockwell hardness tester, ekala ubulukhuni be-HRB. Kumapuleti ensimbi azacile, imichilo yensimbi, namapayipi ensimbi anezindonga ezincane, isihloli sokuqina sokuqina kwe-Rockwell singasetshenziswa ukukala ubulukhuni be-HRT.
2. Inhloso yokukhishwa yilezi:
- Thuthukisa noma ususe ukukhubazeka okuhlukahlukene kwesakhiwo kanye nokucindezeleka okusalayo okubangelwa insimbi ekubunjweni, ukubumba, ukugoqa kanye nezinqubo zokushisela ukuvimbela ukuguquguquka nokuqhekekaukufa izingxenye zokuphonsa.
- Nciphisa umsebenzi wokusika.
- Cwenga okusanhlamvu futhi uthuthukise isakhiwo ukuze uthuthukise izakhiwo zemishini ye-workpiece.
- Lungiselela ukwakheka kokwelashwa kokushisa kokugcina (ukucisha nokushisa).
3. Izinqubo ezijwayelekile zokuthungatha yilezi:
① Ukukhipha ngokuphelele.
Ukuze uthuthukise izakhiwo zemishini yensimbi ye-carbon emaphakathi nephansi ngemuva kokuphonswa, ukubumba, nokushisela, kuyadingeka ukucwenga isakhiwo esishisiwe ngokweqile. Inqubo ihilela ukushisisa i-workpiece ekushiseni okungama-30-50℃ ngaphezu kwephuzu lapho yonke i-ferrite iguqulwa ibe yi-austenite, igcine lelizinga lokushisa isikhathi esithile, bese ipholisa kancane kancane i-workpiece esithandweni. Njengoba i-workpiece ipholile, i-austenite izophinde iguqule, okuholela ekwakhiweni kwensimbi ecolekile.
② I-Spheroidizing annealing.
Ukuze unciphise ubulukhuni obuphezulu bensimbi yamathuluzi nensimbi ethwalayo ngemva kokukhanga, udinga ukushisa isiqeshana sokusebenzela endaweni yokushisa engu-20-40℃ ngaphezu kwendawo lapho insimbi iqala khona ukwakha i-austenite, igcine ifudumele, bese uyipholisa kancane. Njengoba i-workpiece iphola, i-lamellar cementite ku-pearlite iphenduka ibe yindilinga, okunciphisa ubulukhuni bensimbi.
③ I-Isothermal annealing.
Le nqubo isetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ubulukhuni obuphezulu bezinsimbi ezithile zesakhiwo se-alloy nge-nickel ephezulu nokuqukethwe kwe-chromium ukuze kucutshungulwe. Ngokuvamile, insimbi ipholiswa ngokushesha ekushiseni okungazinzile kwe-austenite bese igcinwa ekushiseni okufudumele isikhathi esithile. Lokhu kubangela ukuthi i-austenite iguquke ibe yi-troostite noma i-sorbite, okuholela ekunciphiseni kokuqina.
④ Ukufakwa kabusha kwekristalu.
Inqubo isetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ukuqina kwezintambo zensimbi namapuleti amancane okwenzeka ngesikhathi sokudweba okubandayo nokugoqa okubandayo. Insimbi ishiselwa ezingeni lokushisa ngokuvamile elingu-50-150℃ ngaphansi kwephuzu lapho insimbi iqala khona ukwakha i-austenite. Lokhu kuvumela ukuqedwa kwemiphumela eqinisa umsebenzi futhi kuthambisa insimbi.
⑤ I-Graphitization annealing.
Ukuze uguqule insimbi enosimende enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kukasimende ibe insimbi ephonswayo ephephekayo enepulasitiki enhle, inqubo ihilela ukushisisa ukubuswa kufinyelele cishe ku-950 ° C, kugcinwe lelizinga lokushisa isikhathi esithile, bese lipholiswa ngokufanelekile ukuze kubhidlizwe usimende futhi. yenza i-flocculent graphite.
⑥ Ukukhishwa kwe-Diffusion.
Inqubo isetshenziselwa ukulinganisa ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kokusakazwa kwe-alloy nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwabo. Le ndlela ihlanganisa ukushisisa ukusakaza ngezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu ngaphandle kokuncibilika, ukugcina lelizinga lokushisa isikhathi eside, bese lipholisa kancane. Lokhu kuvumela izakhi ezihlukahlukene ku-alloy ukuthi zisakazeke futhi zisakazwe ngokufanayo.
⑦ Ukunciphisa ingcindezi.
Le nqubo isetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi ekubunjweni kwensimbi kanye nezingxenye ezishiselwe. Emikhiqizweni yensimbi eqala ukwakha i-austenite ngemva kokushisa endaweni yokushisa engu-100-200 ℃ ngezansi, kufanele igcinwe ifudumele bese ipholiswa emoyeni ukuze iqede ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi.
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Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-14-2024