Umshini ubusebenza impilo yonke, isho ukuthini i-4.4 kanye ne-8.8 kubhawodi?

Ngemva kokusebenza njengomshini iminyaka eminingi kangaka, akumele wazi incazelo yamalebula ezikrinini, akunjalo?

Amamaki okusebenza ama-bolts oxhumano lwesakhiwo sensimbi ahlukaniswe ngamamaki angaphezu kweshumi, njenge-3.6, 4.6, 4.8, 5.6, 6.8, 8.8, 9.8, 10.9, 12.9, njll. Phakathi kwabo, amabhawodi ebanga 8.8 nangaphezulu ayenziwa. yensimbi ye-low-carbon alloy noma medium-carbon steel futhi iphathwa ngokushisa (icisha, ishisa), eyaziwa ngokuthi ama-bolts aphezulu; amanye aziwa kabanzi njengamabhawodi ajwayelekile. Ilebula yebanga lokusebenza yebhawudi iqukethe izinombolo ezimbili, ezimele inani lamandla aqinile okuzisholo kanye nesilinganiso sesivuno sento yebhawodi, ngokulandelanayo.Iqanda:
Amabhothi esigaba 4.6 asho ukuthi:
Amandla okuqina okuzisholo wento yebhawodi afinyelela ku-400MPa;
Isilinganiso sesivuno sempahla ye-bolt ngu-0.6;
Amandla okuvunwa okuzisholo okwenziwa kwebhawodi ngu-400×0.6=240MPa.
Izinga lokusebenza 10.9 amabhawodi amandla aphezulu, ngemva kokwelashwa ukushisa, angafinyelela:
Amandla okuzisholo okuqinile wento yebhawodi afinyelela ku-1000MPa;
Isilinganiso sesivuno sempahla ye-bolt ngu-0.9;
Amandla okuvunwa okuzisholo wento yebhawodi ngu-1000×0.9=900MPa.

Incazelo yebanga lokusebenza kwebholithi iyindinganiso yamazwe ngamazwe. Kungakhathalekile umehluko wezinto ezibonakalayo nemvelaphi, amabhawodi webanga lokusebenza elifanayo anokusebenza okufanayo, futhi yizinga lokusebenza kuphela elingakhethwa edizayini.
Okubizwa ngokuthi ama-8.8 kanye ne-10.9 amamaki wamandla kusho ukuthi ukumelana nokucindezeleka kwe-shear kwebhawudi kungu-8.8GPa no-10.9GPa
8.8 Amandla okubamba amandla 800N/MM2 Amandla esivuno esincane 640N/MM2
Amabhawodi ajwayelekile asebenzisa u-"XY" ukukhombisa amandla, X*100=amandla aqinile aleli bhawodi, X*100*(Y/10)=amandla okukhiqiza aleli bhawodi (ngoba ngokwemithethonqubo: khipha amandla/amandla okubamba =Y /10)
Isibonelo, ebangeni lesi-4.8, amandla aqinile ale bhawodi angama-400MPa; amandla okukhiqiza angu-400*8/10=320MPa.
Okunye: amabhawodi ensimbi engagqwali ngokuvamile amakwa njenge-A4-70 ne-A2-70; incazelo ichazwa ngenye indlela.
isilinganiso
Kunamayunithi amabili amaphakathi okulinganisa ubude emhlabeni namuhla: enye isistimu yemethrikhi, kanye neyunithi yamamitha okulinganisa (m), amasentimitha (cm), amamilimitha (mm), njll. Uhlobo luhlelo lombuso, kanye iyunithi yokulinganisa ngokuyinhloko ingamayintshi, elilingana ne-intshi yemakethe yesistimu endala ezweni lami. Isetshenziswa kabanzi e-United States, eBrithani nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu naseMelika.
Isilinganiso semethrikhi: (idesimali) 1m = 100 cm = 1000 mm
Isilinganiso sombuso: (8 uhlelo) 1 intshi = 8 cents 1 inch = 25.4 mm 3/8 × 25.4 = 9.52
Imikhiqizo engaphansi kuka-1/4 isebenzisa inombolo ye-serial ukukhombisa ububanzi bokushaya, njengalokhu: 4#, five #, six #, seven #, eight #, ten #, 12#

umucu
Umucu umumo onama-helical protrusions afanayo engxenyeni ephambanayo yendawo engaphandle eqinile noma engaphakathi. Ngokwezici zayo zesakhiwo kanye nokusetshenziswa, ingahlukaniswa izigaba ezintathu:
Intambo evamile: Umumo wezinyo unonxantathu futhi usetshenziselwa ukuxhuma noma ukubopha izingxenye. Imicu evamile ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo ezimbili: intambo eqinile nentambo ecolekile, ngokusho kwephimbo, futhi amandla okuxhumana entambo ecolekileyo aphakeme.
Intambo yokudlulisela: Kukhona izimo ze-trapezoidal, unxande, i-saw-shape, D, nezinyo elingunxantathu.
Intambo yokuvala: isetshenziselwa ukuvala ukuxhumana, ikakhulukazi intambo yepayipi, intambo ecijile, kanye nentambo yepayipi ecijile.
Hlunga ngomumo:

Isigaba sokulinganisa intambo

Ukulingana kwentambo kuwusayizi oxegayo noma oqinile phakathi kwemicu eyisikulufi, futhi izinga lokulingana liyinhlanganisela ecacisiwe yokuchezuka nokubekezelelana okusebenza ochungechungeni lwangaphakathi nolwangaphandle.
1. Emiculweni eyi-intshi eyi-intshi ehlanganisiwe, kunamabanga amathathu emicu yangaphandle: 1A, 2A, kanye no-3A, kanye nemicu emithathu yangaphakathi: 1B, 2B, kanye no-3B, wonke lawo alingana nokulingana. Uma iphakama inombolo yokulinganisa, kuqina ukulingana. Kuchungechunge lwamayintshi, ukuchezuka kucaciswe kuphela kumabanga 1A no-2A, ukuchezuka kwebanga 3A kunguziro, futhi ukuchezuka kwebanga kwebanga 1A no-2A kuyalingana. Uma likhulu inani lamazinga, kuncane ukubekezelelana.
Amakilasi 1A no-1B, amakilasi okubekezelelana axega kakhulu, afanele ukubekezelela ukuhambisana kwemicu yangaphakathi neyangaphandle.
Amabanga 2A kanye no-2B amamaki ajwayelekile okubekezelela intambo acaciswe izibophelelo zokubopha ngomshini wochungechunge lwamayintshi.
Amabanga 3A no-3B, ahlanganiswe ndawonye ukuze enze ukulingana okuqinile, afanele izibophelelo eziqinile futhi asetshenziswa kumiklamo ebaluleke kakhulu kwezokuphepha.
Emicu yangaphandle, amabanga 1A no-2A anokubekezela okufanele; Ibanga lesi-3A alifuni. Ukubekezelelana kwe-1A kukhulu ngo-50% kunokubekezelelana kwe-2A futhi kukhulu ngo-75% kunokubekezelelana kwe-3A. Ngochungechunge lwangaphakathi, ukubekezelelana kwe-2B kukhulu ngo-30% kunokubekezelelana kwe-2A. Ikilasi 1B likhulu ngo-50% kune-Class 2B futhi likhulu ngo-75% kuneClass 3 B.
2. Izintambo zemethrikhi: zinezigaba ezintathu zentambo emicu yangaphandle: 4h, h ayisithupha h, no-6g, futhi ezintathu zemicu yangaphakathi: 5H, 6H, kanye no-7H. (Ibanga lesi-Japan lokunemba kwentambo evamile lihlukaniswe ngamabanga amathathu: I, II, kanye ne-III, ngokuvamile ibanga II.) Kuchungechunge lwemethrikhi, ukuchezuka okuyisisekelo kuka-H kanye no-h kunguziro. Ukuchezuka okuyinhloko kuka-G kuphozithivu, kanti ukuchezuka okuyisisekelo kuka-e, f, kanye no-g kuthi kunegethivu.
I-H iyindawo evamile yokubekezelela imicu yangaphakathi futhi ngokuvamile ayisetshenziswa njengendawo yokumboza ngaphezulu noma kusetshenziswa ungqimba lwe-phosphating. Ukuchezuka okuyinhloko kwesikhundla sika-G kusetshenziselwa izikhathi ezikhethekile, ezifana nokujiya, okungavamile ukusetshenziswa.
g ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukugqoka ingubo encane ye-6-9um. Isibonelo, umdwebo womkhiqizo udinga i-bolt h ayisithupha, futhi intambo ngaphambi kokucwenga isebenzisa indawo yokubekezelela engu-6g.
Intambo elingana kahle ihlanganiswe ibe yi-H/g, H/h, noma i-G/h. Ngezintambo zokubopha ezicolisisiwe njengamabhawudi namantongomane, izinga lincoma ukulingana okungu-6H/6g.
3. Ukumaka intambo
Amapharamitha amakhulu wejometri wokuzithepha ngokwakho kanye nezintambo zokuzibhoboza
1. Idayamitha enkulu/ububanzi bezinyo bangaphandle (d1): Idayamitha yesilinda ecatshangelwayo yokuqondana kwemilungo. Idayamitha eyinhloko yochungechunge imele ubukhulu bochungechunge losayizi.
2. Ububanzi obuncane/ububanzi bezimpande (d2): Ububanzi besilinda esicatshangelwayo lapho impande yochungechunge iqondana khona.
3. Ibanga lezinyo (p): ibanga eliyi-axial phakathi kwamazinyo ancikene elihambisana namaphuzu amabili kumeridian omaphakathi. Ohlelweni lombuso, iphimbo liboniswa ngenani lamazinyo ngentshi ngayinye (25.4mm).
Okulandelayo kuklelisa ukucaciswa okujwayelekile kwephimbo (imethrikhi) kanye nenani lamazinyo (i-imperial)
1) Ukuzithepha ngokwakho kwe-Metric:
Imininingwane: S T1.5, S T1.9, S T2.2, S T2.6, S T2.9, S T3.3, S T3.5, S T3.9, S T4.2, S T4. 8, S T5.5, S T6.3, S T8.0, S T9.5
Ukuphakama: 0.5, 0.6, 0.8, 0.9, 1.1, 1.3, 1.3, 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 1.8, 2.1, 2.1
2) Intshi ukuzithepha ngokwakho:
Imininingwane: 4#, 5#, 6#, 7#, 8#, 10#, 12#, 14#
Inombolo yamazinyo: AB amazinyo 24, 20, 20, 19, 18, 16, 14, 14
Izinyo 24, 20, 18, 16, 15, 12, 11, 10