Kungani amathuluzi omshini wokunemba kufanele agezwe ngesandla?
I-Scraping iyindlela eyinselele kakhulu edlula ukuqoshwa kwezinkuni ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi. Isebenza njengesisekelo esiyisisekelo semisebenzi yamathuluzi ngokunemba ngokuqinisekisa ukuqedwa okunembile kwendawo. I-scraping iqeda ukuthembela kwethu kwamanye amathuluzi omshini futhi ingasusa ngempumelelo ukuchezuka okubangelwa amandla okubamba namandla okushisa.
Ojantshi abaklwetshiwe akulula ukugqokwa, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yomphumela wabo ophakeme wokuthambisa. Uchwepheshe we-scraping kumele abe nolwazi oluningi kumasu ahlukahlukene, kodwa ubuchwepheshe babo bungacijwa kuphela ngokusebenzisa isipiliyoni, okubenza bakwazi ukufeza ukuzwa okunembayo nokushelelayo okudingekayo.
Ukuklwebha kuyindlela eyinkimbinkimbi neyinselele ebandakanya ukukhishwa kwensimbi endaweni. Kuyinqubo eyisisekelo esetshenziswa emisebenzini yamathuluzi enembayo, iqinisekisa ukuqedwa okunembile kwendawo. Ukuklwebha kuqeda isidingo samanye amathuluzi omshini futhi kungasusa kahle ukuchezuka okubangelwa amandla okubamba kanye namandla okushisa.
Ojantshi abaklwetshiwe bakhombisa izakhiwo ezithuthukisiwe zokugcobisa, okuholela ekwehleni kokuguga. Ukuba uchwepheshe wezokukrwela onekhono kudinga ukuqonda okujulile kwamasu ahlukahlukene, okungathuthukiswa kuphela ngokusebenzisa isipiliyoni ngezandla. Ibenza bakwazi ukuthola umuzwa onembile nobushelelezi odingekayo ukuze usebenze kahle. Lapho udlula eduze kwefekthri ekhiqiza amathuluzi omshini futhi ubona ochwepheshe bekhuhla futhi begaya ngesandla, awukwazi ukuzibamba kodwa uzibuze: “Ingabe bangakwazi ngempela ukuthuthukisa izindawo zamanje ezicutshungulwa ngomshini ngokukhuhla nokugaya?” (Abantu bazokwenza Ingabe unamandla kunomshini?)”
Uma ukhuluma ngokubukeka kwayo, impendulo yethu ithi “cha”, ngeke siyenze ibe yinhle kakhulu, kodwa kungani siyiklwebha? Kunezizathu zakho, kunjalo, futhi esinye sazo isici somuntu: inhloso yethuluzi lomshini ukwenza amanye amathuluzi omshini, kodwa alikwazi ukuphindaphinda umkhiqizo ngokunembe kakhulu kunokuqala. Ngakho-ke, uma sifuna ukwenza umshini onembe kakhulu kunomshini wokuqala, kufanele sibe nesiqalo esisha, okusho ukuthi, kumelwe siqale ngemizamo yabantu. Kulokhu, imizamo yabantu ibhekisela ekukhubeni nasekugayeni ngesandla.
Ukuklwebha nokugaya akuwona umsebenzi “wokukhululeka” noma “ukwenza mahhala”. Empeleni kuyindlela yokukopisha ecishe ifane kahle ne-matrix. Le matrix iyindiza evamile futhi yenziwa ngesandla.
Nakuba ukukhuhla nokugaya kunzima futhi kuwumsebenzi, kuyikhono (isu lezinga lobuciko); kungase kube nzima kakhulu ukuqeqesha umpetha wokukhuhla nokugaya kunokuqeqesha umpetha wokuqopha ukhuni. Azikho izincwadi eziningi emakethe ezixoxa ngalesi sihloko. Ikakhulukazi, kunolwazi oluncane oluxoxa ngokuthi "kungani ukukhuhla kuyadingeka". Lokhu kungase kube isizathu esenza ukuklwebha kuthathwa njengobuciko.
Enqubweni yokukhiqiza, kubalulekile ukugcina ukunemba endaweni ekhiqizwayo. Indlela esetshenziswayo ekuzuzeni lokhu kunemba ibalulekile, njengoba ithinta ngokuqondile ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo wokugcina. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umenzi ekhetha ukugaya ngomshini wokugaya esikhundleni sokukhuhla, izinsimbi zomshini wokugaya “umzali” kumelwe zicace kakhudlwana kunalezo ezisemshinini wokugaya omusha.
Umbuzo ke uthi, ukunemba kwemishini yokuqala kwavelaphi? Kumelwe ukuba livela emshinini onembe kakhudlwana noma lithembele kwenye indlela yokukhiqiza indawo eyisicaba ngempela noma mhlawumbe likopishwe endaweni eyisicaba eseyenziwe kahle kakade.
Ukukhombisa umqondo wokudalwa kwendawo, singasebenzisa izindlela ezintathu zokudweba imibuthano. Nakuba imibuthano iyimigqa hhayi indawo, ingasiza ukuchaza umqondo. Umdwebi onekhono angadweba indilinga ephelele ngekhampasi evamile. Nokho, uma belandelela ipensela embotsheni yesifanekiso sepulasitiki, bazophindaphinda konke okunganembile emgodini. Uma bezama ukuyidweba mahhala, ukunemba kombuthano kuncike kumakhono abo anomkhawulo.
Uma umenzi enquma ukugaya ngomshini wokugaya esikhundleni sokukhuhla, izinsimbi zomshini wokugaya “umzali” wakhe kumelwe zibe nembe kakhulu kunasemshinini wokugaya omusha.
Pho kwavelaphi ukunemba kwemishini yokuqala?
Kumelwe ukuba livela emshinini onembe kakhudlwana noma lithembele kwenye indlela yokukhiqiza indawo eyisicaba ngempela noma mhlawumbe likopishwe endaweni eyisicaba eseyenziwe kahle kakade.
Singasebenzisa izindlela ezintathu zokudweba imibuthano ukukhombisa inqubo yokudala yezindawo (yize imibuthano iyimigqa hhayi indawo, ingacashunwa ukukhombisa umqondo). Umdwebi angakwazi ukudweba umbuthano ophelele ngekhampasi evamile; uma elandelela ipensela embobeni yesifanekiso sepulasitiki, uzophindaphinda konke okunganembile emgodini; uma eyidweba mahhala, Ngokuqondene nombuthano, ukunemba kombuthano kuncike kumakhono akhe alinganiselwe.
Ngokwethiyori, indawo eyisicaba ngokuphelele ingakhiqizwa ngokushintshana (i-lapping) yezindawo ezintathu. Ukuze kube lula, ake sifanekise ngamatshe amathathu, ngalinye linendawo eyisicaba. Uma uhlikihla lezi zindawo ezintathu ngokushintshana ngendlela engahleliwe, uzogaya izindawo ezintathu zibe bushelelezi futhi zibe bushelelezi. Uma uhlikihla amatshe amabili nje ndawonye, uzogcina usuneqhuzu elilodwa lokukhwelana neqhubu elilodwa. Empeleni, ngaphezu kokusebenzisa ukukhuhla esikhundleni sokuxhapha (Lapping), ukulandelana okucacile kokumatanisa nakho kuzolandelwa. Ochwepheshe bokuklwebha ngokuvamile basebenzisa lo mthetho ukwenza i-jig evamile (igeji eqondile noma ipuleti eliyisicaba) abafuna ukulisebenzisa.
Uma uyisebenzisa, umpetha we-scraper uzoqala ngokufaka umthuthukisi wombala ku-jig evamile, bese eslayida phezu kwendawo yokusebenza ukuze embule izindawo ezidinga ukusulwa. Ulokhu ephinda lesi senzo, futhi ubuso be-workpiece buzosondela nakakhulu ku-jig evamile, futhi ekugcineni, angakwazi ukukopisha ngokuphelele umsebenzi ofana ne-jig evamile.
Ukusakaza okudinga ukuqedwa ngokuvamile kuyagaywa ukuze kube kukhudlwana kunosayizi wokugcina, bese kuthunyelwa ukwelashwa kokushisa ukuze kudedelwe ukucindezela kwensalela. Ngemuva kwalokho, ama-castings angaphansi kokuqedwa kokuqedwa ngaphambi kokukhishwa. Nakuba inqubo yokugenca idinga isikhathi esiningi, umsebenzi, kanye nezindleko, ingathatha indawo yesidingo semishini ephezulu, ehambisana nenani eliphakeme lentengo. Uma ukukhuhla kungasetshenziswa, ucezu lomsebenzi kufanele luqedwe kusetshenziswa umshini obizayo, onemba kakhulu, noma udlule ekulungiseni okumba eqolo.
Enqubweni yokuqeda izingxenye, ikakhulukazi ama-castings amakhulu, ukusetshenziswa kwezenzo zokubopha amandla adonsela phansi kuvame ukudingeka. Amandla okubamba, lapho ukucutshungulwa kufinyelela ezinkulungwaneni ezimbalwa zokunemba okuphezulu, nokho, kungabangela ukuhlanekezela kwendawo yokusebenza, kubeke engozini ukunemba komsebenzi ngemva kokukhulula amandla okubamba. Ukwengeza, ukushisa okukhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokucubungula nakho kungabangela ukuhlanekezela kwe-workpiece. I-scraping, nezinzuzo zayo, ifika kahle ezimweni ezinjalo. Awekho amandla okubamba, futhi ukushisa okukhiqizwa ukukhuhla cishe akunakwa. Ama-workpiece amakhulu asekelwa ngamaphuzu amathathu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi awaguquki ngenxa yesisindo sawo.
Uma ithrekhi yokukhuhla yethuluzi lomshini iguga, ingalungiswa kabusha ngokuklwebha. Lokhu kuyinzuzo ephawulekayo uma kuqhathaniswa nenye indlela yokulahla umshini noma ukuwuthumela efektri ukuze uhlakazwe futhi ucutshungulwe kabusha. Izisebenzi ezinakekela ifekthri noma ochwepheshe bendawo bangenza umsebenzi wokukhuhla nokugaya.
Kwezinye izimo, i-manual scraping kanye ne-power scraping ingasetshenziswaed ukuze kuzuzwe ukunemba kokugcina okudingekayo kwejometri. Umpetha onekhono lokuklwebha angaqedela lolu hlobo lokulungiswa ngesikhathi esifushane ngokumangazayo. Nakuba le ndlela idinga ubuchwepheshe obunamakhono, ibiza kakhulu kunokucubungula inombolo enkulu yezingxenye ukuze inembile kakhulu, noma ukwenza imiklamo ethile ethembekile noma elungisekayo ukuvimbela amaphutha okuqondanisa. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lesi sixazululo akufanele sisetshenziswe njengendlela yokulungisa amaphutha abalulekile okuqondanisa, njengoba kwakungeyona injongo yaso yasekuqaleni.
Ukuthuthukiswa kokugcoba
Enqubweni yokukhiqiza yokulingisa, ukuqeda kudinga ukugaywa kwezinsalela zibe kukhudlwana kunosayizi wazo wokugcina, okulandelwa ukwelapha ukushisa ukuze kudedelwe ukucindezela kwensalela. Ama-castings abe esengaphansi kokuqedwa kokuqedwa nokukhuhlwa. Nakuba inqubo ye-scraping idla isikhathi futhi iyabiza, ingathatha indawo yesidingo semishini ephezulu efika nenani eliphakeme lentengo. Ngaphandle kokuklwebha, ukuqeda isiqeshana somsebenzi kudinga umshini obizayo, onemba kakhulu noma ukucubungula okumba eqolo.
Izenzo zokubopha amandla adonsela phansi zivame ukudingeka lapho kuqedwa izingxenye, ikakhulukazi ukulingisa okukhulu. Kodwa-ke, amandla okubamba angabangela ukuhlanekezela komsebenzi, okufaka engozini ukunemba ngemva kokukhulula amandla okubamba. I-scraping iza kahle ezimweni ezinjalo, njengoba kungekho mandla okubamba, futhi ukushisa okukhiqizwa ngokukhuhla cishe akunakwa. Ama-workpieces amakhulu asekelwa ngamaphuzu amathathu ukuvimbela ukuguquguquka ngenxa yesisindo sabo.
Lapho i-scraping track yethuluzi lomshini iguga, ingalungiswa kabusha ngokukhuhla, okubiza kakhulu kunokulahla umshini noma ukuwuthumela efekthri ukuze uhlakazwe futhi ucutshungulwe kabusha. Ukukhuhla ngesandla kanye namandla kungasetshenziswa ukuze kuzuzwe ukunemba kokugcina okudingekayo kwejometri. Nakuba le ndlela idinga ubuchwepheshe obunamakhono, ibiza kakhulu kunokucubungula inani elikhuluizingxenye zomshiniukunemba kakhulu noma ukwenza imiklamo ethembekile noma elungisekayo ukuvimbela amaphutha okuqondanisa. Nokho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lesi sixazululo akufanele sisetshenziselwe ukulungisa amaphutha abalulekile okuqondanisa, njengoba kwakungeyona injongo yaso yasekuqaleni. Ukuthuthukiswa kokugcoba
Okuhlangenwe nakho okungokoqobo kufakazele ukuthi ukukhuhla ama-rails kunganciphisa ukungqubuzana ngokugcotshwa kwekhwalithi engcono, kodwa akukho ukuvumelana ngokuthi kungani. Umbono ovame kakhulu ukuthi amabala aphansi aklwetshiwe (noma ikakhulukazi, ama-dimples agouliwe, amaphakethe kawoyela engeziwe okugcoba) ahlinzeka ngamaphakethe kawoyela amancane, amuncwa izindawo eziningi ezincane ezizungezile. Likhiphe.
Enye indlela yokuyibeka ngendlela enengqondo ukuthi isivumela ukuba siqhubeke sigcina ifilimu yamafutha lapho izingxenye ezihambayo zintanta, okuwumgomo wakho konke ukugcoba. Isizathu esiyinhloko esenza lokhu kwenzeke ukuthi lezi zikhwama zikawoyela ezingajwayelekile zakha isikhala esiningi sokuhlala uwoyela, okwenza kube nzima ukuthi uwoyela ubaleke kalula. Isimo esikahle sokuthambisa siwukugcina ifilimu yamafutha phakathi kwezindawo ezimbili ezibushelelezi ngokuphelele, kodwa-ke kufanele ubhekane nokuvimbela uwoyela ukuthi ungaphumi, noma udinga ukuwugcwalisa ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. (Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kukhona ukuklwebheka endaweni yethrekhi noma cha, ama-grooves kawoyela ngokuvamile ayenziwa ukusiza ukusatshalaliswa kwamafutha).
Isitatimende esinjalo singenza abantu bangabaze umphumela wendawo yokuxhumana. Ukuklwebha kunciphisa indawo yokuxhumana kodwa kudala ukusabalalisa okulinganayo, futhi ukusatshalaliswa kuyinto ebalulekile. Ukuthopha kwezindawo ezimbili ezifanayo, izindawo zokuthintana zizosatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo. Kodwa kunesimiso kumakhenikha esithi “ukungqubuzana akuhlangene nendawo.” Lo musho usho ukuthi noma ngabe indawo yokuxhumana iyi-intshi yesikwele eyi-10 noma eyi-100, amandla afanayo ayadingeka ukuhambisa ibhentshi lomsebenzi. (Ukugqoka kungenye into. Uma indawo encane ngaphansi komthwalo ofanayo, ukuguga kuyashesha.)
Iphuzu engifuna ukuliveza ukuthi esikufunayo ukugcoba okungcono, hhayi indawo yokuxhumana engaphezulu noma encane. Uma ukuthambisa kungenasici, indawo yethrekhi ngeke iguge. Uma itafula linenkinga yokuhamba njengoba liguga, lokhu kungase kuhlobane nokugcotshwa, hhayi indawo okuthintana kuyo.
Kwenziwa kanjani ukuklwebha? .
Ngaphambi kokuthola izindawo eziphakeme okufanele zikhishwe, qala ngokufaka umthuthukisi wombala ku-jig evamile (ipuleti eliyisicaba noma i-jig eqondile lapho uklwebha ojantshi abamise okuka-V), bese ubeka umthuthukisi wombala ku-jig evamile. Ngokuhlikihla endaweni yethrekhi okufanele ifakwe ngefosholo, umthuthukisi wombala uzodluliselwa ezindaweni eziphakeme zethrekhi, bese kusetshenziswa ithuluzi elikhethekile lokuklwebha ukususa amaphuzu aphezulu okuthuthukiswa kombala. Lesi senzo kufanele siphindwe kuze kube yilapho indawo yethrekhi ikhombisa ukudluliswa okufanayo.
Yiqiniso, uchwepheshe we-scraping kumele azi amasu ahlukahlukene. Ake ngikhulume ngezimbili zazo lapha:
Enqubweni yokukhiqiza yokulingisa, ukuqeda kudinga ukugaywa okukhudlwana kunosayizi wawo wokugcina, okulandelwa ukwelapha okushisa ukuze kukhishwe ukucindezela kwensalela. Ama-castings abe esengaphansi kokuqedwa kokuqedwa kwe-surface finishing nokugaya. Nakuba inqubo ye-scraping idla isikhathi futhi iyabiza, ingathatha indawo yesidingo semishini ephezulu efika nenani eliphakeme lentengo. Ngaphandle kokuklwebha, ukuqeda isiqeshana somsebenzi kudinga umshini obizayo, onemba kakhulu noma ukucubungula okumba eqolo.
Lapho uqeda izingxenye, ikakhulukazi ukulingwa okukhulu, izenzo zokubopha amandla adonsela phansi zivame ukudingeka. Kodwa-ke, amandla okubamba angabangela ukuhlanekezela komsebenzi, okufaka engozini ukunemba ngemva kokukhulula amandla okubamba. I-scraping iza kahle ezimweni ezinjalo, njengoba kungekho mandla okubamba, futhi ukushisa okukhiqizwa ngokukhuhla cishe akunakwa. Ama-workpieces amakhulu asekelwa ngamaphuzu amathathu ukuvimbela ukuguquguquka ngenxa yesisindo sabo.
Lapho i-scraping track yethuluzi lomshini iguga, ingalungiswa kabusha ngokukhuhla, okubiza kakhulu kunokulahla umshini noma ukuwuthumela efekthri ukuze uhlakazwe futhi ucutshungulwe kabusha. Ukukhuhla ngesandla kanye namandla kungasetshenziswa ukuze kuzuzwe ukunemba kokugcina okudingekayo kwejometri. Nakuba le ndlela idinga ubuchwepheshe obunamakhono, ibiza kakhulu kunokucubungula inani elikhuluizingxenye ze-cncukunemba kakhulu noma ukwenza imiklamo ethembekile noma elungisekayo ukuvimbela amaphutha okuqondanisa. Nokho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lesi sixazululo akufanele sisetshenziselwe ukulungisa amaphutha abalulekile okuqondanisa, njengoba kwakungeyona injongo yaso yasekuqaleni.
Okuhlangenwe nakho okungokoqobo kufakazele ukuthi ukukhuhla ama-rails kunganciphisa ukungqubuzana ngokugcotshwa kwekhwalithi engcono, kodwa akukho ukuvumelana ngokuthi kungani. Umbono ovame kakhulu ukuthi amabala aphansi aklwetshiwe (noma ikakhulukazi, ama-dimples agouliwe, amaphakethe kawoyela engeziwe okugcoba) ahlinzeka ngamaphakethe kawoyela amancane, amuncwa izindawo eziningi ezincane ezizungezile. Ukuklwebha kunciphisa indawo yokuxhumana kodwa kudala ukusabalalisa okulinganayo, futhi ukusatshalaliswa kuyinto ebalulekile. Ukuthopha kwezindawo ezimbili ezifanayo, izindawo zokuthintana zizosatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo. Kodwa kunesimiso kumakhenikha esithi “ukungqubuzana akuhlangene nendawo.” Lo musho usho ukuthi noma ngabe indawo yokuxhumana iyi-intshi yesikwele eyi-10 noma eyi-100, amandla afanayo ayadingeka ukuhambisa ibhentshi lomsebenzi. (Ukugqoka kungenye into. Uma indawo encane ngaphansi komthwalo ofanayo, ukuguga kuyashesha.)
Iphuzu liwukuthi esikufunayo ukugcoba okungcono, hhayi indawo yokuxhumana engaphezulu noma encane. Uma ukuthambisa kungenasici, indawo yethrekhi ngeke iguge. Uma itafula linenkinga yokuhamba njengoba liguga, lokhu kungase kuhlobane nokugcobisa, hhayi indawo yokuxhumana.Okokuqala, ngaphambi kokuba senze ukuthuthukiswa kombala, ngokuvamile sisebenzisa ifayela elimnyama ukuze silihlikihle ngobumnene phezu kwendawo yokusebenza ukuze susa ama-burrs.
Okwesibili, sula ubuso bakho ngebhulashi noma izandla zakho, ungalokothi nge-rag. Uma usebenzisa indwangu ukuze usule, imigqa emihle eshiywe yindwangu izobangela izimpawu ezidukisayo ngokuzayo lapho wenza ukuthuthukiswa kombala wephoyinti eliphezulu.
I-scraping master izohlola umsebenzi wayo ngokuqhathanisa i-jig ejwayelekile ne-track surface. Umhloli udinga kuphela ukutshela umpetha wokuklwebha ukuthi uzowumisa nini umsebenzi, futhi asikho isidingo sokukhathazeka ngenqubo yokuklwebha. (I-scraping master ingaba nesibopho ngekhwalithi yomsebenzi wayo)
Sasivame ukuba nesethi yezindinganiso ezisho ukuthi zingaki izindawo eziphakeme okufanele zibe ne-intshi yesikwele ngayinye, futhi yimaphi amaphesenti wendawo yonke okufanele kuxhunyanwe nayo; kodwa sithole ukuthi ukuhlola indawo yokuxhumana cishe kwakungenakwenzeka, futhi manje konke kwenziwa ngokukhuhla I-master grinder inquma inani lamachashazi ngeyintshi yesikwele. Kafushane, izingcweti zokuklwebha ngokuvamile zilwela ukuzuza izinga lamachashazi angama-20 kuye kwangama-30 iyintshi yesikwele ngayinye.
Enqubweni yamanje yokuklwebha, imishini yokugenca kagesi isetshenziselwa eminye imisebenzi yokulinganisa. Futhi ziwuhlobo lokukhuhla ngesandla, kodwa zingaqeda umsebenzi othile onzima futhi zenze umsebenzi wokukhuhla ungakhathali. Akusekho okunye okungathatha indawo nomuzwa wokuklwebha ngesandla lapho wenza umsebenzi wokuhlanganisa obucayi kakhulu.
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Isikhathi sokuthumela: Mar-05-2024