Ulwazi lwensimbi

I. Izakhiwo zensimbi zensimbi

1. Iphoyinti lokukhiqiza ( σ S)
Lapho insimbi noma isampula yeluliwe, ukucindezeleka kudlula umkhawulo wokunwebeka, futhi ngisho noma ingcindezi ingasakhuli, insimbi noma isampula izoqhubeka nokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki okusobala. Lesi simo sibizwa ngokuthi yi- yield, futhi iphuzu lesivuno inani elincane lokucindezeleka lapho isivuno senzeka. Uma i-Ps ingamandla angaphandle endaweni yesivuno s futhi i-Fo iyindawo yesiqephu esiphambene, bese iphoyinti lokukhiqiza σ S = Ps/Fo (MPa).

2. Amandla okukhiqiza ( σ 0.2)
Iphuzu lokuvuthwa kwezinye izinto zensimbi alibonakali kahle, futhi akulula ukuzikala. Ngakho-ke, ukulinganisa izakhiwo zokukhiqiza zezinto zokwakha, kuchazwa ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwepulasitiki okuhlala unomphela okukhiqiza ukucindezeleka kulingana nenani elithile (ngokuvamile u-0.2% wobude bokuqala), okubizwa ngokuthi amandla okuvunwa okunemibandela noma amandla okukhiqiza. isiqephu 0.2.
3. Amandla Okuqina ( σ B)
Ingcindezi enkulu into efinyelelwayo ngesikhathi sokushuba kusukela ekuqaleni kuya ngesikhathi ephuka ngaso. Ibonisa amandla ensimbi ngokumelene nokuphuka. Okuhambisana namandla okuqina amandla acindezelayo, amandla aguquguqukayo, njll. Setha i-Pb njengamandla amakhulu aqinile ngaphambi kokuba impahla ikhishwe futhi u-Fo njengendawo yesiqephu esiphambanayo sesampuli, bese kuba amandla aqinile σ B= Pb/Fo ( MPa).
4. Ubude ( δ S)
Iphesenti lobude bepulasitiki bezinto ezisetshenziswayo ngemva kokugqashuka kubude besampula bangempela ibizwa ngokuthi ukunwetshwa noma ukwelulwa.
5. Isilinganiso samandla esivuno ( σ S/ σ B)
Isilinganiso sephoyinti lesivuno (amandla esivuno) sensimbi kumandla aqinile sibizwa ngokuthi isilinganiso samandla esivuno. Ukuphakama kwenani lesivuno-amandla, kukhuphuka ukuthembeka kwezingxenye zesakhiwo. Isilinganiso sokuqina kwesivuno sensimbi evamile ye-carbon ngu-0.6-0.65, insimbi ephansi ye-alloy structural ingu-0.65-0.75, futhi i-alloy structural steel ingu-0.84-0.86.
6. Ubulukhuni
Ukuqina kubonisa ukumelana kwempahla ezintweni eziyinkimbinkimbi ezicindezela endaweni yayo. Ingenye yezinkomba zokusebenza ezibalulekile zezinto zensimbi. Ukuphakama kokuqina okuvamile, kungcono ukumelana nokugqoka. Izinkomba zokuqina ezivame ukusetshenziswa ukuqina kweBrinell, ukuqina kwe-Rockwell, nobulukhuni be-Vickers.
1) Ukuqina kwe-Brinell (HB)
Amabhola ensimbi aqinile anosayizi othize ongu-10mm) acindezelwa endaweni yezinto ngomthwalo othile (ngokuvamile u-3000kg) isikhathi esithile. Ngemva kokuthulula, isilinganiso somthwalo endaweni yokuhlohla ibizwa ngokuthi iBrinell Hardness (HB).
2) Ukuqina kwe-Rockwell (HR)
Uma i-HB>450 noma isampula lincane kakhulu, ukukalwa kokuqina kwe-Rockwell esikhundleni sokuhlolwa kokuqina kwe-Brinell akukwazi ukusetshenziswa. Kuyikhoni yedayimane ene-engeli ephezulu engu-120 degrees noma ibhola lensimbi elinobubanzi obungu-1.59 no-3.18 mm, elicindezelwa endaweni yezinto ezibonakalayo ngaphansi kwemithwalo ethile, futhi ukujula kwe-indent kunquma ubulukhuni bento. Kunezilinganiso ezintathu ezihlukene ezibonisa ubulukhuni bempahla ehloliwe:
I-HRA: Ukuqina okutholwe ngomthwalo ongu-60 kg kanye nensimbi yedayimane yokucindezela izinto eziqinile ezifana ne-carbides enosimende.
I-HRB: Ukuqina okutholakala ngokuqinisa ibhola lensimbi elinomthwalo ongu-100kg nobubanzi obungu-1.58mm. Isetshenziselwa izinto ezinobulukhuni obuphansi (isb, insimbi ehlanganisiwe, insimbi ekhonjiwe, njll.).
I-HRC: Ukuqina kutholakala kusetshenziswa umthwalo ongu-150 kg kanye nokucindezela kwekhoni yedayimane ezintweni ezinokuqina okuphezulu, njengensimbi eqinile.
3) I-Vickers Hardness (HV)
Umshini wokucindezela isikwele sedayimane ucindezela indawo ebonakalayo enomthwalo ongaphansi kuka-120 kg kanye ne-engeli ephezulu engu-136 degrees. I-Vickers hardness value (HV) ichazwa ngokuhlukanisa indawo engaphezulu ye-recess yokuhlehlisa ngenani lomthwalo.

II. Izinsimbi Ezimnyama Nezinsimbi Ezingeyona Insimbi

1. Izinsimbi ezisansimbi
I-refeNonferrouslloy yensimbi nensimbi. Okufana nensimbi, i-iron yengulube, i-ferroalloy, i-cast iron, njll. Insimbi ne-pig iron ama-alloys asekelwe ku-ayoni futhi ahlanganiswe kakhulu ne-carbon. Ngokuhlangene abizwa ngokuthi ama-FERROCARBON alloys.
Insimbi yengulube yenziwa ngokuncibilikisa insimbi yensimbi ibe isithando somlilo, futhi isetshenziselwa kakhulu ukwenza insimbi nokuphonsa.
I-cast pig iron incibilika esithandweni esincibilikisa insimbi ukuze kutholwe insimbi ewuketshezi (insimbi ewuketshezi enokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni engaphezu kuka-2.11%). Phonsa insimbi ewuketshezi ensimbini eyinsimbi, ebizwa nge-cast iron.
I-Ferroalloy iyingxube yensimbi nezinto ezifana ne-silicon, i-manganese, i-chromium, ne-titanium. I-Ferroalloy ingenye yezinto ezingavuthiwe ezisetshenziswa ekwenzeni insimbi futhi isetshenziswa njenge-deoxidizer kanye nesengezo sezakhi zengxubevange.
Insimbi ibizwa nge-iron-carbon alloy enokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni okungaphansi kuka-2.11%. Insimbi itholakala ngokufaka insimbi yengulube yokwenza insimbi esithandweni sokwenza insimbi bese iyincibilikisa ngokwenqubo ethile. Imikhiqizo yensimbi ihlanganisa ama-ingots, ama-billet asakazayo aqhubekayo, nokusakazwa okuqondile kwensimbi ehlukahlukene. Ngokuvamile, insimbi ibhekisela ensimbi egoqwe ibe amashidi amaningi ensimbi. Isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza izingxenye zemishini ezishisayo ezifojiwe nezicindezelwe ezishisayo, insimbi ekhandwayo enekhanda elibandayo nekhanda elibandayo, izingxenye zomshini zepayipi lensimbi engenamthungo,Izingxenye zemishini ye-CNC, futhiukuphonsa izingxenye.

2. Izinsimbi ezingenayo insimbi
Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-non-ferrousNonferrousfers ezinsimbi nakuzo zonke izinsimbi ezisansimbi, njengethusi, ithini, umthofu, i-zinc, i-aluminium nethusi, ithusi, i-aluminium ingxubevange kanye nama-alloys atholakalayo. Isibonelo, i-CNC lathe ingakwazi ukucubungula izinto ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa amapuleti ensimbi engagqwali angu-316 no-304, i-carbon steel, i-carbon steel, i-aluminium alloy, i-zinc alloy materials, i-aluminium alloy, ithusi, insimbi, ipulasitiki, amapuleti e-acrylic, i-POM, i-UHWM, nezinye. Ama-Raw material. Ingacutshungulwa ibe yi-Izingxenye zokuguqula ze-CNC, izingxenye zokugaya, kanye nezingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinezakhiwo eziyisikwele neziyisilinda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-chromium, i-nickel, i-manganese, i-molybdenum, i-cobalt, i-vanadium, i-tungsten, ne-titanium nayo isetshenziswa embonini. Lezi zinsimbi zisetshenziswa kakhulu njengezithasiselo ze-alloy ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zensimbi, lapho i-tungsten, i-titanium, i-molybdenum, namanye ama-carbide anosimende asetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amathuluzi okusika. Lezi zinsimbi ezingenayo insimbi zibizwa ngokuthi i-industrnonferrous. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinsimbi eziyigugu njengeplatinum, igolide, isiliva, nezinsimbi ezingavamile, okuhlanganisa i-uranium ekhipha imisebe neradium.

 

III. Ukuhlukaniswa Kwensimbi

Ngaphandle kwe-iron ne-carbon, izakhi eziyinhloko zensimbi zihlanganisa i-silicon, i-manganese, isulfure, i-r, ne-phosphorus.
Kunezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuhlukanisa insimbi, futhi eziyinhloko zimi kanje:
1. Hlukanisa Ngekhwalithi
(1) Insimbi evamile (P <0.045%, S <0.050%)
(2) Insimbi yekhwalithi ephezulu (P, S <0.035%)
(3) Insimbi yekhwalithi ephezulu (P <0.035%, S <0.030%)
2. Ukuhlukaniswa ngezigaba zamakhemikhali
(1) Insimbi yekhabhoni: a. Insimbi ye-carbon ephansi (C <0.25%); B. Medium carbon steel (C <0.25-0.60%); C. High carbon steel (C <0.60%).
(2) Insimbi yengxubevange: a. Insimbi ye-alloy ephansi (ingqikithi yokuqukethwe kwezakhi ze-alloy <5%); B. Insimbi ye-alloy ephakathi (ingqikithi yokuqukethwe kwezakhi ze-alloy> 5-10%); C. Insimbi ye-alloy ephezulu (ingqikithi yokuqukethwe kwe-alloy element> 10%).
3. Ukuhlukanisa ngokwakha indlela
(1) Insimbi eyenziwe ngomgunyathi; (2) Insimbi; (3) Insimbi egoqiwe eshisayo; (4) Insimbi ebandayo edonsayo.
4. Ukuhlukaniswa nge-Metallographic Organization
(1) Isimo esifakiwe: a. Insimbi ye-Hypoeutectoid (i-ferrite + pearlite); B. Insimbi ye-Eutectic (pearlite); C. Insimbi ye-hypereutectoid (pearlite + cementite); D. Ledeburite steel (pearlite + cementite).
(2) Isimo esijwayelekile: A. insimbi ye-pearlitic; B. Insimbi ye-Bainitic; C. insimbi ye-martensitic; D. Insimbi ye-Austenitic.
(3) Akukho ukuguqulwa kwesigaba noma ukuguqulwa kwesigaba esiyingxenye
5. Hlukanisa Ngokusebenzisa
(1) Insimbi yokwakha nobunjiniyela: a. Insimbi evamile ye-carbon structural; B. Insimbi yesakhiwo se-alloy ephansi; C. Insimbi eqinisiwe.
(2) Insimbi yesakhiwo:
A. Insimbi yomshini: (a) insimbi yesakhiwo esithambile; (b) Izinsimbi zesakhiwo eziqina phezu komhlaba, okuhlanganisa izinsimbi ezishisiwe, ezine-ammoniated, neziqinisa phezulu; (c) Insimbi yesakhiwo esika kalula; (d) Ipulasitiki ebandayo eyenza insimbi, okuhlanganisa insimbi ebandayo yokugxiviza nensimbi ekhanda ebandayo.
B. Insimbi yasentwasahlobo
C. Ukuthwala insimbi
(3) Insimbi yethuluzi: a. Insimbi yensimbi ye-carbon; B. Insimbi yensimbi ye-alloy; C. Insimbi yethuluzi lesivinini esikhulu.
(4) Insimbi yokusebenza okukhethekile: a. Insimbi engagqwali ukumelana ne-asidi; B. Insimbi ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa: okuhlanganisa insimbi evimbela ukushisa, insimbi enamandla okushisa, nensimbi yevalvu; C. Electrothermal alloy steel; D. Insimbi engagqoki; E. Insimbi enezinga lokushisa eliphansi; F. Insimbi kagesi.
(5) Insimbi yobungcweti - njengensimbi yebhuloho, insimbi yomkhumbi, insimbi yokubhayela, insimbi yomkhumbi wokucindezela, insimbi yemishini yezolimo, njll.
6. Ukuhlukaniswa Okuphelele
(1) Insimbi evamile
A. Insimbi yesakhiwo seCarbon: (a) Q195; (b) Q215 (A, B); (c) Q235 (A, B, C); (d) Q255 (A, B); (e) Q275.
B. Insimbi yesakhiwo se-alloy ephansi
C. Insimbi yesakhiwo esijwayelekile ngezinjongo ezithile
(2)Insimbi yekhwalithi ephezulu (kuhlanganise nensimbi yekhwalithi ephezulu)
A. Insimbi yesakhiwo: (a) Insimbi yesakhiwo sekhabhoni yekhwalithi ephezulu; (b) Ingxubevange yensimbi yesakhiwo; (c) insimbi yasentwasahlobo; (d) Izinsimbi ezisika kalula; (e) Insimbi enensimbi; (f) Insimbi yesakhiwo eseqophelweni eliphezulu ngezinjongo ezithile.
B. Insimbi yethuluzi: (a) Insimbi yethuluzi lekhabhoni; (b) Insimbi yensimbi eyingxubevange; (c) Insimbi yamathuluzi enesivinini esikhulu.
C. Insimbi yokusebenza okukhethekile: (a) insimbi engagqwali ne-asidi; (b) Insimbi ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa; (c) Insimbi yensimbi yokushisa kagesi; (d) Insimbi kagesi; (e) Insimbi ekwazi ukumelana ne-manganese ephezulu.
7. Ukuhlelwa Ngendlela Yokuncibilikisa
(1) Ngokohlobo lwesithando somlilo
A. Insimbi yokuguqula: (a) insimbi yokuguqula i-asidi; (b) Insimbi yokuguqula i-alkaline. Noma (a) insimbi yokuguqula ephephezela ngezansi, (b) Insimbi yokuguqula ephephezelwa emaceleni, (c) Insimbi yokuguqula ephephezelwa phezulu.
B. Insimbi yesithando somlilo kagesi: (a) Insimbi yesithando somlilo kagesi; (b) Electroslag furnace steel; (c) insimbi yesithando somlilo; (d) Vacuum isithando somlilo esisebenzisekayo; (e) Insimbi yesithando somlilo se-electron.
(2) Ngokusho kwe-deoxidization degree kanye nesistimu yokuthulula
A. Insimbi ebilayo; B. Insimbi ethule kancane; C. Insimbi ebulewe; D. Insimbi ekhethekile ebulewe.

 

IV. Uhlolojikelele Lwendlela Yokumela Inombolo Yensimbi e-China

Umkhiqizo womkhiqizo uvame ukumelwa ngokuhlanganisa izinhlamvu zamagama zesiShayina, uphawu lwamakhemikhali, kanye nenombolo yesi-Arabhu. Leyo:
(1) Izimpawu zamakhemikhali zamazwe ngamazwe, njenge-Si, Mn, Cr, njll., zimelela izakhi zamakhemikhali zezinombolo zensimbi. Izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile ezixubile zimelelwa yi-RE (noma i-Xt).
(2) Igama lomkhiqizo, ukusetshenziswa, izindlela zokuncibilikisa nezindlela zokuthela, njll., ngokuvamile zivezwa ngezifinyezo zefonetiki yesiShayina.
(3) Izinombolo zesi-Arabhu ziveza okuqukethwe kwezakhi zamakhemikhali ezihamba phambili (%) ngensimbi.
Uma usebenzisa i-alfabhethi yesiShayina ukumela igama lomkhiqizo, ukusetshenziswa, izici, nendlela yokucubungula, uhlamvu lokuqala luvamise ukukhethwa ezinhlamvini zamagama zesiShayina ukuze lumelele igama lomkhiqizo. Lapho uphinda uhlamvu olukhethiwe lomunye umkhiqizo, uhlamvu lwesibili noma lwesithathu lungasetshenziswa, noma i-alfabhethi yokuqala yezinhlamvu ezimbili zesiShayina ingakhethwa ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Lapho lungekho uhlamvu lwesiShayina noma izinhlamvu zamagama ezitholakalayo okwamanje, izimpawu kuzoba izinhlamvu zesiNgisi.