Indlela Yokuhlukanisa Ukucisha, Ukushisa, Ukujwayela, Ukulinganisa

Kuyini ukuthulisa?

I-Tempering iyinqubo yokwelapha ukushisa lapho impahla yensimbi ecishiwe noma ingxenye ishiswa ekushiseni okuthile, igcinwe isikhathi esithile, bese ipholiswa ngendlela ethile. I-Tempering ukuhlinzwa okwenziwa ngokushesha ngemva kokucisha, futhi ngokuvamile ingxenye yokugcina yokwelashwa kokushisa kwe-workpiece. Inqubo, ngakho-ke inqubo ehlanganisiwe yokucisha kanye nokushisa ibizwa ngokuthi ukwelashwa kokugcina. Inhloso eyinhloko yokunciphisa nokuthulisa yilezi:

I-1) Yehlisa ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi futhi unciphise i-brittleness. Izingxenye ezicishiwe zinengcindezi enkulu kanye ne-brittleness. Uma zingacunuki ngesikhathi, zizovame ukukhubazeka noma ngisho nokuqhekeka.

2) Lungisa izakhiwo zemishini ye-workpiece. Ngemva kokucisha, i-workpiece inobunzima obuphezulu kanye ne-brittleness ephezulu. Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokusebenza ezihlukene zezingcezu zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene, zingalungiswa ngokushisa, ubulukhuni, amandla, ipulasitiki kanye nokuqina.

3) Zinzisa usayizi we-workpiece. Isakhiwo se-metallographic singazinziswa ngokuthambisa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi akukho deformation eyenzekayo ohlelweni lokusebenzisa esikhathini esizayo.

4) Thuthukisa ukusebenza kokusika kwezinsimbi ezithile ze-alloy.
Umphumela wokushisa uwukuthi:

① Thuthukisa ukuzinza kwenhlangano, ukuze ukwakheka kwendawo yokusebenza kungasashintshi ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa, ukuze usayizi wejometri nokusebenza komsebenzi kuhlale kuzinzile.

② Khipha ingcindezi yangaphakathi ukuze uthuthukise ukusebenza komsebenzi kanye nokuzinzisa usayizi wejiyomethri womsebenzi.

③ Lungisa izakhiwo zensimbi ukuze zihlangabezane nezidingo zokusetshenziswa.

Isizathu esenza ukuba ukushisa kube nale miphumela ukuthi lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, umsebenzi we-athomu uyanda, futhi ama-athomu ensimbi, i-carbon nezinye izakhi ze-alloying ensimbi angasakazeka ngokushesha ukuze abone ukuhlelwa kabusha nokuhlanganiswa kwama-athomu, okwenza kungazinzi. inhlangano engalinganiseli kancane kancane yashintsha yaba inhlangano ezinzile, enokulinganisela. Ukuqedwa kokucindezeleka kwangaphakathi kuhlobene nokuncipha kwamandla ensimbi lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka. Lapho insimbi evamile ithambile, ubulukhuni namandla ayancipha, futhi ipulasitiki iyanda. Lapho izinga lokushisa liphakeme, ushintsho olukhulu kulezi zici zemishini. Amanye ama-alloy steels anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto ze-alloying azosheshisa ezinye izinhlayiya ezinhle zezinhlanganisela zensimbi uma zifuthelwe ebangeni elithile lokushisa, okuzokhuphula amandla nobulukhuni. Lesi simo sibizwa ngokuthi ukuqina kwesibili.
Izidingo zokuthobisa: iziqephu zokusebenza ezinezinjongo ezihlukene kufanele zifuthwe emazingeni okushisa ahlukene ukuze zihlangabezane nezidingo ezisetshenziswayo.

① Amathuluzi, ama-bearings, izingxenye ezigayiwe neziqinile, nezingxenye eziqinile ezingaphezulu kuvame ukushiswa ezingeni lokushisa eliphansi elingaphansi kuka-250°C. Ukuqina kushintsha kancane ngemva kokushisa okuphansi kokushisa, ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi kuyancipha, futhi ukuqina kuthuthukiswa kancane.

② Intwasahlobo ifudumala ezingeni lokushisa elimaphakathi ku-350②500℃ ukuze kutholwe ukunwebeka okuphezulu kanye nokuqina okudingekayo.

③ Izingxenye ezenziwe ngensimbi yesakhiwo sekhabhoni ephakathi ngokuvamile zifudumala ekushiseni okuphezulu ku-500～600℃ ukuze kutholwe ukufana okuhle kwamandla afanelekile nokuqina.

Uma insimbi ifudumala cishe ku-300 ° C, ivame ukwandisa ukuqina kwayo. Lesi senzakalo sibizwa ngokuthi uhlobo lokuqala lwe-terer brittleness. Ngokuvamile, akufanele kuthukutheliswe kuleli banga lokushisa. Izinsimbi ezithile zesakhiwo se-carbon alloy eliphakathi nendawo nazo zijwayele ukuba bushelelezi uma zipholiswa kancane zibe kuzinga lokushisa elilingana negumbi ngemva kokushisisa izinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Lesi simo sibizwa ngokuthi uhlobo lwesibili lokucasuka. Ukwengeza i-molybdenum ensimbi noma ekupholiseni emafutheni noma emanzini ngesikhathi sokushisa kungavimbela uhlobo lwesibili lokufutheka kwentukuthelo. Lolu hlobo lwe-brittleness lungaqedwa ngokushisisa kabusha uhlobo lwesibili lwensimbi enomoya ophansi kuya kumazinga okushisa okuqala.

Ekukhiqizeni, kuvame ukusekelwe ezidingweni zokusebenza kwe-workpiece. Ngokusho kwezinga lokushisa elihlukile, i-tempering ihlukaniswe ngokwezinga lokushisa eliphansi, ukushisa okuphakathi nendawo, kanye nokushisa okuphezulu. Inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa ehlanganisa ukucisha kanye nokushisa okuphezulu okulandelayo okubizwa ngokuthi i-quenching and tempering, okusho ukuthi inamandla aphezulu kanye nokuqina okuhle kwepulasitiki.

1. Ukushisa okuphansi kokushisa: 150-250 ° C, imijikelezo ye-M, ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi kanye nokuqina, ukuthuthukisa ukuqina kwepulasitiki, nokuba nobunzima obuphezulu nokumelana nokugqoka. Isetshenziselwa ukwenza amathuluzi okulinganisa, amathuluzi okusika, ama-rolling bearings, njll.

2. Izinga lokushisa eliphakathi nendawo: 350-500℃, umjikelezo we-T, onokunwebeka okuphezulu, ipulasitiki ethile nobulukhuni. Isetshenziselwa ukwenza iziphethu, i-forging dies, njll.Ingxenye yemishini ye-CNC

3. Ukushisa okuphezulu kokushisa: 500-650 ℃, isikhathi se-S, esinezici ezinhle eziphelele zemishini. Isetshenziselwa ukwenza amagiya, ama-crankshafts, njll.
Kuyini normalizing?

I-normalizing iwukwelapha ukushisa okuthuthukisa ukuqina kwensimbi. Ngemva kokuba ingxenye yensimbi isishisiswe ibe ngu-30~50°C ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa le-Ac3, igcinwa ifudumele isikhathi esithile bese ipholiswa ngomoya. Isici esiyinhloko ukuthi izinga lokupholisa liyashesha kunokukhipha isisu futhi liphansi kunokucisha. Ngesikhathi sokujwayelekile, izinhlamvu zekristalu zensimbi zingacwengwa ngokupholisa okushesha kancane. Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi amandla agculisayo angatholakala, kodwa futhi ukuqina (inani le-AKV) kungathuthukiswa kakhulu futhi kuncishiswe Ukuthambekela kwengxenye yokuqhekeka. -Ngemva kokwelashwa okujwayelekile kwamanye amapuleti ensimbi ane-alloy eshisayo egoqelwe phansi, ama-forging ensimbi ane-alloy ephansi kanye nama-castings, izici eziphelele zemishini yezinto zokwakha zingathuthukiswa kakhulu, nokusebenza kokusika nakho kuyathuthukiswa.ingxenye ye-aluminium

Ukwenza okujwayelekile kunezinjongo kanye nokusetshenziswa okulandelayo:

① Okwezinsimbi ze-hypoeutectoid, ukujwayela kusetshenziswa ukuqeda ukwakheka okushisiwe okuqinile okusanhlamvu kanye nesakhiwo se-Widmanstatten sokusansimbi, ukubumba, nokushisela, kanye nesakhiwo sebhendi ezintweni ezigoqiwe; cwenga okusanhlamvu; futhi ingasetshenziswa njengokwelashwa kwangaphambi kokushisa ngaphambi kokucisha.

② Okwezinsimbi ze-hypereutectoid, ukujwayela kungasusa usimende wesibili omisiwe futhi kucwengisise i-pearlite, engathuthukisi nje kuphela izakhiwo zemishini, kodwa futhi kusiza ukukhishwa kwe-spheroidizing okulandelayo.

③ Kumashidi ensimbi azacile anekhabhoni ephansi, ukujwayela kungasusa usimende wamahhala emngceleni wokusanhlamvu ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwawo kokudweba okujulile.

④ Ngensimbi enekhabhoni ephansi kanye nensimbi ene-low-carbon low-alloy, ukujwayela kungathola ukwakheka kwe-pearlite egqamile, kukhuphule ubulukhuni ku-HB140-190, kugweme "ummese wokunamathela" ngesikhathi sokusika, futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle . Ngensimbi ye-carbon steel, iyonga kakhulu futhi kulula ukuyisebenzisa ukujwayela lapho kukhona kokubili okujwayelekile nokufakwa kwe-annealing.5 izimbazo ngomshini ingxenye

⑤ Ukuze uthole izinsimbi ezivamile ze-carbon structural, lapho izakhiwo zemishini zingekho phezulu, i-normalization ingasetshenziswa esikhundleni sokucisha kanye nokushisa okuphezulu kokushisa, okungelula nje ukusebenza, kodwa futhi kuzinzile ekwakhiweni nasekusayizini wensimbi.

⑥ Ukushisa okuphezulu okujwayelekile (150～200℃ ngaphezu kwe-Ac3) kunganciphisa ukuhlukaniswa kokwakheka kokubunjwa nokubunjwa ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lokusabalalisa izinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Izinhlamvu ezimahhadlahhadla ngemuva kokujwayezwa kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu zingacwengwa ngokujwayela kwesibili kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi.

⑦ Kwezinye izinsimbi ezinengxube ye-carbon alloy ephansi naphakathi esetshenziswa kuma-steam turbines nama-boilers, i-normalizing ivamise ukusetshenziselwa ukuthola ukwakheka kwe-bainite, futhi ngemva kokushisa okuphezulu kwezinga lokushisa, inokumelana nokunyakaza okuhle uma isetshenziswa ku-400-550℃.

⑧ Ngaphezu kwezingxenye zensimbi nensimbi, i-normalization iphinde isetshenziswe kabanzi ekwelapheni ukushisa kwe-ductile iron ukuthola i-matrix ye-pearlite futhi ithuthukise amandla e-ductile iron.

Njengoba isici se-normalization ukupholisa komoya, izinga lokushisa elizungezile, indlela yokupakisha, ukugeleza komoya kanye nosayizi wezingcezu zokusebenza konke kuthinta inhlangano nokusebenza ngemva kokujwayelekile. Isakhiwo esijwayelekile singasetshenziswa njengendlela yokuhlukanisa insimbi ye-alloy. Ngokuvamile, izinsimbi ze-alloy zihlukaniswa zibe insimbi ye-pearlite, insimbi ye-bainite, insimbi ye-martensitic nensimbi ye-austenitic ngokusekelwe esakhiweni esitholwe ngokupholisa komoya ngemva kokuba isampula enobubanzi obungu-25 mm ishiselwe ku-900 ° C.
Kuyini ukuthungatha?

I-Annealing inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa kwensimbi eshisisa kancane kancane insimbi iye ezingeni lokushisa elithile, iyigcine isikhathi esanele, bese iyipholisa ngesivinini esifanele. Ukwelashwa kokushisa kwe-anneal kuhlukaniswe ngokukhipha ngokuphelele, ukudonsa okungaphelele kanye nokukhipha ingcindezi. Izakhiwo zemishini yezinto ezifakwe emanzini zingahlolwa ngokuhlolwa okuqinile noma ukuhlolwa kokuqina. Izinsimbi eziningi zinikezwa esimweni sokwelashwa kokushisa okufakiwe. Ubulukhuni bensimbi bungahlolwa i-Rockwell hardness tester ukuhlola ubulukhuni be-HRB. Kumapuleti ensimbi azacile, imichilo yensimbi namapayipi ensimbi anezindonga ezincane, indawo yokuhlola ubulukhuni be-Rockwell engaphezulu ingasetshenziselwa ukuhlola ubulukhuni be-HRT. .

Inhloso yokukhishwa yilokhu:

① Thuthukisa noma susa ukonakala okuhlukahlukene kwesakhiwo kanye nokucindezeleka okusalela okubangelwa ukufakwa kwensimbi, ukufoja, ukugingqika nokushisela, futhi uvimbele ukuwohloka nokuqhekeka kwendawo yokusebenza.

② Thambisa ucezu lokusebenza ukuze usike.

③ Cwenga okusanhlamvu futhi uthuthukise isakhiwo ukuze uthuthukise izakhiwo zemishini ye-workpiece.

④ Lungiselela inhlangano ukwelashwa kokushisa kokugcina (ukucisha, ukuthambisa).
Izinqubo ezivame ukusetshenziswa ezisetshenziswayo yizi:

① Ikhishwe ngokuphelele. Isetshenziselwa ukucwenga isakhiwo esishisayo esishisayo esinezakhiwo ezimbi zemishini ngemuva kokusakazwa, ukubumba kanye nokushisela kwensimbi ye-carbon ephakathi nendawo nephansi. Shisisa i-workpiece ibe ngu-30-50℃ ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa lapho yonke i-ferrite iguqulwa ibe i-austenite, igcine isikhathi esithile, bese upholisa kancane ngesithando somlilo. Phakathi nenqubo yokupholisa, i-austenite iyashintsha futhi ukwenza isakhiwo sensimbi sibe ngcono. .

② I-Spheroidizing annealing. Isetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ubulukhuni obuphezulu bensimbi yensimbi kanye nensimbi yokuzala ngemuva kokubumba. I-workpiece ishisa ku-20-40 ° C ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa lapho insimbi iqala ukwakha i-austenite, bese ipholisa kancane kancane ngemva kokubamba izinga lokushisa. Phakathi nenqubo yokupholisa, i-lamellar cementite ku-pearlite iba yindilinga, ngaleyo ndlela inciphisa ubulukhuni.

③ Ukukhishwa kwe-Isothermal. Isetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ubulukhuni obuphezulu kwezinye izinsimbi zesakhiwo se-alloy nge-nickel ephakeme kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-chromium kokusikwa. Ngokuvamile, iqala ukupholisa izinga lokushisa elingazinzile kakhulu le-austenite ngesilinganiso esisheshayo, futhi ngemva kokubamba isikhathi esifanele, i-austenite iguqulwa ibe i-troostite noma i-sorbite, futhi ubulukhuni bungancishiswa.

④ Ukufakwa kabusha kwekristalu. Isetshenziselwa ukuqeda into eqinile (ukwanda kokuqina nokuncipha kwepulasitiki) yocingo lwensimbi neshidi ngesikhathi sokudweba okubandayo nokugoqa okubandayo. Izinga lokushisa lokushisa ngokuvamile liba ngu-50 kuya ku-150°C ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa lapho insimbi iqala khona ukwakha i-austenite. Kungale ndlela kuphela lapho umphumela wokuqina womsebenzi ungaqedwa futhi insimbi ingathambisa.

⑤ I-Graphitization annealing. Isetshenziselwa ukwenza insimbi ewukhonkolo equkethe inani elikhulu likasimende ibe insimbi egayiwe ethambile enepulasitiki enhle. Umsebenzi wenqubo owokushisa ukusakaza kuze kufike ku-950°C, kugcinwe kufudumele isikhathi esithile bese kusipholisa ngendlela efanele ukubolisa usimende ukuze kwakheke i-flocculent graphite.

⑥ Ukukhishwa kwe-Diffusion. Isetshenziselwa ukwenza i-homogenize ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali we-alloy castings futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza kwayo. Indlela yokushisa ukushisa okuphakeme kakhulu okungaba khona ngaphandle kokuncibilika, futhi uyigcine isikhathi eside, bese upholisa kancane kancane ngemva kokusabalalisa izakhi ezihlukahlukene ku-alloy kuvame ukusabalalisa ngokulinganayo.

⑦ Ukunciphisa ingcindezi. Isetshenziselwa ukuqeda ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi kwensimbi yensimbi kanye nezingxenye zokushisela. Emikhiqizweni yensimbi, izinga lokushisa lapho i-austenite iqala khona ukwakha ngemuva kokushisa ngu-100-200 ℃, futhi ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi kungaqedwa ngokupholisa emoyeni ngemva kokubamba izinga lokushisa.