Indlela Yokuhlukanisa Ukucisha, Ukushisa, Ukujwayela, Ukulinganisa

Kuyini ukuthulisa?

I-Tempering iyinqubo yokwelapha ukushisa lapho impahla yensimbi ecishiwe noma ingxenye ishiswa ekushiseni okukhethekile, igcinwe isikhathi esithile, bese ipholiswa ngendlela ethile. I-Tempering iwukuhlinzwa okwenziwa ngokushesha ngemva kokucisha futhi ngokuvamile ingxenye yokugcina yokwelashwa kokushisa kwe-workpiece. Inqubo ehlanganisiwe yokucisha kanye nokushisa ibizwa ngokuthi ukwelashwa kokugcina. Inhloso eyinhloko yokunciphisa nokushisa iwukuba:

I-1) Yehlisa ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi futhi unciphise i-brittleness. Izingxenye ezicishiwe zinengcindezi enkulu kanye ne-brittleness. Zizovame ukukhubazeka noma ngisho nokuqhekeka uma zingathukutheli ngesikhathi.

2) Lungisa izakhiwo zemishini ye-workpiece. Ngemva kokucisha, i-workpiece inobunzima obuphezulu kanye ne-brittleness ephezulu. Ingalungiswa ngokushisa, ubulukhuni, amandla, ipulasitiki, kanye nokuqina ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokusebenza ezihlukene zezingcezu zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene.

3) Zinzisa usayizi we-workpiece. Isakhiwo se-metallographic singazinziswa ngokushisa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi akukho deformation eyenzekayo ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwesikhathi esizayo.

4) Thuthukisa ukusebenza kokusika kwezinsimbi ezithile ze-alloy.
Umphumela wokushisa uwukuthi:

① Thuthukisa ukuzinza kwenhlangano ukuze ukwakheka kwendawo yokusebenza kungasashintshi ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa ukuze usayizi wejometri nokusebenza kuhlale kuzinzile.

② Susa ukucindezelwa kwangaphakathi ukuze uthuthukise ukusebenza komsebenzi kanye nokuzinzisa usayizi wejometri wengcezu yokusebenza.

③ Lungisa izakhiwo zensimbi ukuze zihlangabezane nezidingo zokusetshenziswa.

Isizathu sokuthi kungani ukushisa kunale miphumela ukuthi lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, umsebenzi we-athomu uyanda. Ama-athomu ensimbi, ikhabhoni, nezinye izakhi ze-alloying kunsimbi angasakazeka ngokushesha ukuze abone ukuhlelwa kabusha nokuhlanganiswa kwezinhlayiya, ayenze inganzinzi. Inhlangano engalinganiseli kancane kancane yashintsha yaba inhlangano ezinzile, enokulinganisela. Ukuqeda ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi kuhlobene nokuncipha kwamandla ensimbi lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka. Lapho insimbi evamile ithambile, ubulukhuni namandla ayancipha, futhi ipulasitiki iyanda. Lapho izinga lokushisa liphakeme, ushintsho olukhulu kulezi zici zemishini. Amanye ama-alloy steels anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto ze-alloying azosheshisa ezinye izinhlayiya ezinhle zenhlanganisela yensimbi uma zifuthelwe ebangeni elithile lokushisa, okuzokhuphula amandla nobulukhuni. Lesi simo sibizwa ngokuthi ukuqina kwesibili.
Izidingo zokuthobisa: Izinto zokusebenza ezinezinjongo ezihlukene kufanele zifuthwe emazingeni okushisa ahlukahlukene ukuze zihlangabezane nezidingo zokusetshenziswa.

① Amathuluzi, ama-bearings, izingxenye ze-carburized neziqinile, nezingxenye eziqinile ezingaphezulu ngokuvamile zishiswa ngaphansi kuka-250°C. Ubulukhuni bushintsha kancane ngemva kokushisa okuphansi, ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi kuyancipha, futhi ukuqina kuthuthukiswa kancane.

② Intwasahlobo ifakwe ezingeni lokushisa eliphakathi kuka-350～500℃ ukuze kutholwe ukunwebeka okuphezulu kanye nokuqina okudingekayo.

③ Izingxenye ezenziwe ngensimbi yesakhiwo sekhabhoni emaphakathi ngokuvamile zishiswa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu angama-500③～600℃ ukuze kutholwe ukufana okuhle kwamandla afanelekile kanye nokuqina.

 

Uma insimbi ifudumala cishe ku-300 ° C, ivame ukwandisa ukuqina kwayo. Lesi senzakalo sibizwa ngokuthi uhlobo lokuqala lwe-terer brittleness. Ngokuvamile, akufanele kuthukutheliswe kuleli banga lokushisa. Izinsimbi ezithile zesakhiwo se-carbon alloy eliphakathi nendawo nazo zijwayele ukuba bushelelezi uma zipholiswa kancane zibe kuzinga lokushisa elilingana negumbi ngemva kokushisisa izinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Lesi senzakalo sibizwa ngokuthi uhlobo lwesibili lwe-terer brittleness. Ukwengeza i-molybdenum ensimbi noma ekupholiseni emafutheni noma emanzini ngesikhathi sokushisa kungavimbela uhlobo lwesibili lokufutheka kwentukuthelo. Lolu hlobo lwe-brittleness lungaqedwa ngokushisisa kabusha uhlobo lwesibili lwensimbi enomoya ophansi kuya kumazinga okushisa okuqala.

Ekukhiqizeni, kuvame ukusekelwe ezidingweni zokusebenza ze-workpiece. Ngokusho kwamazinga okushisa ahlukene, i-temperature ihlukaniswe ngezinga lokushisa eliphansi, izinga lokushisa eliphakathi nendawo, kanye nezinga eliphezulu lokushisa. Inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa ehlanganisa ukucisha kanye nokushisa okuphezulu okulandelayo okubizwa ngokuthi ukucisha nokushisa, okusho ukuthi inamandla aphezulu kanye nokuqina okuhle kwepulasitiki.

1. Ukushisa okuphansi kwezinga lokushisa: 150-250 ° C, imijikelezo ye-M, kunciphisa ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi kanye nokuqina, kuthuthukisa ukuqina kwepulasitiki, futhi kunobunzima obuphezulu nokumelana nokugqoka. Ngangivame ukwenza amathuluzi okulinganisa, amathuluzi okusika, ama-rolling bearings, njll.

2. Ukushisa okuphakathi nendawo: 350-500℃, umjikelezo we-T, ukunwebeka okuphezulu, ipulasitiki ethile, nobulukhuni. Isetshenziselwa ukwenza iziphethu, i-forging dies, njll.Ingxenye yemishini ye-CNC

3. Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu: 500-650℃, isikhathi se-S, esinezici ezinhle zemishini ezibanzi. Ngangivame ukwenza amagiya, ama-crankshaft, njll.

Kuyini normalizing?

I-normalizing iwukwelapha ukushisa okuthuthukisa ukuqina kwensimbi. Ngemva kokuba ingxenye yensimbi isishisiswe ibe ngu-30~50°C ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa le-Ac3, igcinwa ifudumele futhi ipholile emoyeni. Isici esiyinhloko ukuthi izinga lokupholisa liyashesha kunokukhipha isisu futhi liphansi kunokucisha. Ngesikhathi sokujwayelekile, izinhlamvu zekristalu zensimbi zingacwengwa ngokupholisa okushesha kancane. Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi amandla agculisayo angatholakala, kodwa ukuqina (inani le-AKV) kungabuye kuthuthukiswe kakhulu futhi kuncishiswe-ukuthambekela kwengxenye ukuqhekeka. -Ngemva kokwelashwa okujwayelekile kwamanye amapuleti ensimbi ane-alloy eshisayo egoqelwe phansi, ama-forging ensimbi ane-alloy ephansi, nama-castings, izici ezibanzi zemishini yezinto zokwakha zingathuthuka kakhulu, nokusebenza kokusika nakho kuyathuthukiswa.ingxenye ye-aluminium

Ukwenza okujwayelekile kunezinjongo kanye nokusetshenziswa okulandelayo:

① Okwezinsimbi ze-hypereutectoid, i-normalization isetshenziselwa ukuqeda isakhiwo esishisiwe esimahhadlahhadla kanye nesakhiwo se-Widmanstatten se-cast, forging, ne-weldments, kanye nesakhiwo sebhendi ezintweni ezigoqiwe; cwenga okusanhlamvu; futhi ingasetshenziswa njengokwelashwa kwangaphambi kokushisa ngaphambi kokucisha.

② Ngezinsimbi ze-hypereutectoid, ukujwayela kungasusa usimende wesibili omisiwe futhi kucwengisise i-pearlite, kuthuthukise izakhiwo zemishini futhi kusize ukukhishwa kwe-spheroidizing okulandelayo.

③ Kumashidi ensimbi azacile anekhabhoni ephansi, ukujwayela kungasusa usimende wamahhala emngceleni wokusanhlamvu ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwawo kokudweba okujulile.

④ Ngensimbi enekhabhoni ephansi kanye nensimbi ene-low-carbon low-alloy, ukwenza okujwayelekile kungathola ukwakheka kwe-flake pearlite, kukhuphule ubulukhuni ku-HB140-190, kugweme "ummese wokunamathela" ngesikhathi sokusika, futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle. Ukujwayela ukonga kakhulu futhi kulungele insimbi ye-carbon steel uma ukujwayela nokufaka i-annealing kuyatholakala.Izimbazo ezinhlanu zakhiwe ngomshini

⑤ Okwezinsimbi ezivamile ze-carbon structural, lapho izakhiwo zemishini zingekho phezulu, i-normalization ingasetshenziswa esikhundleni sokucisha kanye nokushisa okuphezulu, okulula ukusebenza futhi kuzinzile esakhiweni kanye nobukhulu bensimbi.

⑥ Ukushisa okuphezulu okujwayelekile (150～200℃ ngaphezu kwe-Ac3) kunganciphisa ukuhlukaniswa kokwakheka kokubunjwa nokubunjwa ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lokusabalalisa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Ngemuva kokujwayela kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, ukujwayela kwesibili kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi kungacwenga okusanhlamvu okumahhadla.

⑦ Kwezinye izinsimbi ezinengxube ye-carbon alloy ephansi naphakathi esetshenziswa kuma-steam turbines nama-boilers, i-normalizing ivamise ukusetshenziselwa ukuthola ukwakheka kwe-bainite. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngemuva kokushisa okuphezulu, inokumelana okuhle nokukhuphuka lapho isetshenziswa ku-400-550 ℃.

⑧ Ngaphezu kwezingxenye zensimbi nensimbi, i-normalization iphinde isetshenziswe kabanzi ekwelapheni ukushisa kwe-ductile iron ukuthola i-matrix ye-pearlite futhi ithuthukise amandla e-ductile iron.

Njengoba isici sokujwayelekile siwukupholisa komoya, izinga lokushisa elizungezile, indlela yokupakisha, ukugeleza komoya, nosayizi wocezu lomsebenzi konke kuthinta inhlangano nokusebenza ngemva kokujwayelekile. Isakhiwo esijwayelekile singasetshenziswa njengendlela yokuhlukanisa insimbi ye-alloy. Ngokuvamile, izinsimbi ze-alloy zihlukaniswa zibe i-pearlite, i-bainite, i-martensitic, nensimbi ye-austenitic ngokusekelwe esakhiweni esitholwe ngokupholisa komoya ngemva kokuba isampula enobubanzi obungu-25 mm ishiselwe ku-900 ° C.

Kuyini ukuthungatha?

I-Annealing inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa kwensimbi eshisisa kancane kancane insimbi iye ezingeni lokushisa elithile, iyigcine isikhathi esanele, bese iyipholisa ngesivinini esifanele. Ukwelashwa kokushisa kwe-anneal kuhlukaniswe okungaphelele, g, kanye nokuqeda ingcindezi. Izakhiwo zemishini yezinto ezifakwe emanzini zingahlolwa ngokuhlolwa okuqinile noma kokuqina. Izinsimbi eziningi zinikezwa esimweni sokwelashwa kokushisa okune-annealed. Umhloli wokuqina we-Rockwell angahlola ubulukhuni bensimbi ukuze ahlole ubulukhuni be-HRB. Kumapuleti ensimbi azacile, imichilo yensimbi namapayipi ensimbi anezindonga ezincane, indawo yokuhlola ubulukhuni be-Rockwell engaphezulu ingasetshenziselwa ukuhlola ubulukhuni be-HRT. .

Inhloso yokukhishwa yilokhu:

① Thuthukisa noma susa ukonakala kwesakhiwo kanye nokucindezeleka okusalela okubangelwa ukufakwa kwensimbi, ukufoja, ukugingqika, nokushisela, futhi uvimbele ukuwohloka nokuqhekeka kwendawo yokusebenza.

② Thambisa ucezu lokusebenza ukuze usike.

③ Cwenga okusanhlamvu futhi uthuthukise isakhiwo ukuze uthuthukise izakhiwo zemishini ye-workpiece.

④ Lungiselela inhlangano ukwelashwa kokushisa kokugcina (ukucisha, ukuthambisa).

Izinqubo ezivame ukusetshenziswa ezisetshenziswayo yizi:

① Ikhishwe ngokuphelele. Isetshenziselwa ukucwenga isakhiwo esishisayo kakhulu esinezakhiwo ezimbi zemishini ngemuva kokusakazwa, ukubumba, g, kanye nensimbi yensimbi yokushisela kanye nekhabhoni ephansi. Shisisa i-workpiece ibe ngu-30-50℃ ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa lapho yonke i-ferrite iguqulwa ibe yi-austenite, yigcine isikhathi esithile, bese upholisa kancane ngesithando somlilo. Phakathi nenqubo yokupholisa, i-austenite iyashintsha futhi ukwenza isakhiwo sensimbi sibe ngcono.

② I-Spheroidizing annealing. Zisetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ubulukhuni obuphezulu bensimbi yamathuluzi kanye nensimbi yokuzala ngemva kokubumba. I-workpiece ishisa ku-20-40 ° C ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa lapho insimbi yenza i-austenite bese ipholisa kancane ngemva kokubamba izinga lokushisa. Phakathi nenqubo yokupholisa, i-lamellar cementite ku-pearlite iba yindilinga, inciphisa ubulukhuni.

③ Ukukhishwa kwe-Isothermal. Yehlisa ubulukhuni bezinye izinsimbi zesakhiwo se-alloy ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-nickel nokuqukethwe kwe-chromium ukuze kusikwe. Ngokuvamile, ipholiswe ezingeni lokushisa elingazinzile kakhulu le-austenite ngesilinganiso esisheshayo. Ngemuva kokubamba isikhathi esifanele, i-austenite iguqulwa ibe yi-troostite noma i-sorbite, futhi ubulukhuni bungancishiswa.

④ Ukufakwa kabusha kwekristalu. Iqeda into eqinile (ukwanda kokuqina nokuncipha kwepulasitiki) yocingo lwensimbi neshidi ngesikhathi sokudweba okubandayo nokugoqa. Izinga lokushisa lokushisisa livamise ukuba ngu-50 kuya ku-150°C ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa lapho insimbi iqala khona ukwakha i-austenite. Kungale ndlela kuphela lapho umphumela wokuqinisa umsebenzi ungaqedwa, futhi insimbi ingathambisa.

⑤ I-Graphitization annealing. Isetshenziselwa ukwenza insimbi ewukhonkolo equkethe inani elikhulu likasimende ibe insimbi egayiwe ethambile enepulasitiki enhle. Umsebenzi wenqubo owokushisa ukusakaza kufinyelele cishe ku-950°C, kugcinwe kufudumele isikhathi esithile, bese kupholile ngokufanelekile ukuze kubole usimende ukuze kwakheke i-flocculent graphite.

⑥ Ukukhishwa kwe-Diffusion. Isetshenziselwa ukwenza i-homogenize ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali we-alloy castings futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza kwayo. Indlela yokushisisa ukusakaza ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu ngaphandle kokuyincibilikisa isikhathi eside futhi kuphole kancane kancane ngemva kokusabalalisa izakhi ezihlukahlukene ku-alloy, okuvame ukusabalalisa ngokulinganayo.

⑦ Ukunciphisa ingcindezi. Iqeda ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi kwezinsimbi zensimbi kanye nezingxenye zokushisela. Ngemikhiqizo yensimbi, izinga lokushisa lapho i-austenite iqala khona ukwakha ngemuva kokushisa ngu-100-200 ℃, futhi ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi kungaqedwa ngokupholisa emoyeni ngemva kokubamba izinga lokushisa.