1. Ukucima
1. Yintoni ukucima?
Ukucima yinkqubo yonyango yokushisa esetyenziselwa intsimbi. Kule nkqubo, insimbi ifudumala kwiqondo lokushisa ngaphezu kweqondo lokushisa elibalulekileyo i-Ac3 (ye-hypereutectoid steel) okanye i-Ac1 (ye-hypereutectoid steel). Emva koko igcinwe kobu bushushu kangangexesha elithile ukuze ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokuyinxenye austenitize intsimbi, ize ipholiswe ngokukhawuleza ukuya ngaphantsi kukaNks (okanye ibanjwe isothermally kufuphi noNksk) kwizinga lokupholisa elingaphezulu kweqondo lokupholisa elibalulekileyo lokuyiguqula ibe yi-martensite ( okanye bainite). Ukucinywa kukwasetyenziselwa unyango lwesisombululo esiluqilima kunye nokupholisa ngokukhawuleza kwezixhobo ezifana ne-alloys ye-aluminium, i-alloys yobhedu, i-titanium alloys, kunye neglasi epholileyo.
2. Injongo yokucima:
1) Ukuphucula iimpawu zemishini yeemveliso zetsimbi okanye iinxalenye. Ngokomzekelo, kwandisa ubunzima kunye nokuxhatshazwa kokugqoka izixhobo, iibheringi, njl., kwandisa umda we-elastic wemithombo, iphucula yonke ipropati yomatshini weendawo ze-shaft, njl.
2) Ukuphucula izinto eziphathekayo okanye iikhemikhali zeentlobo ezithile zentsimbi, ezinjengokuphucula ukuxhathisa kwentsimbi engenasici okanye ukunyusa imagnethi esisigxina yentsimbi yemagnethi, kubalulekile ukukhetha ngononophelo imidiya yokucima kwaye usebenzise indlela yokucima echanekileyo ngexesha lokucima. ukucima kunye nenkqubo yokupholisa. Iindlela zokucima ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ziquka ukucinywa kolwelo olunye, ukucinywa kolwelo oluphindwe kabini, ukucinywa kwamanqanaba, ukucinywa kwe-isothermal, kunye nokucinywa kwendawo. Indlela nganye inezicelo zayo ezithile kunye neenzuzo.
3. Emva kokucima, ii-workpieces zentsimbi zibonisa ezi mpawu zilandelayo:
- Izakhiwo ezingazinzanga ezifana ne-martensite, i-bainite, kunye ne-austenite eseleyo ikhona.
- Kukho uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi oluphezulu.
- Iipropati zomatshini azihlangabezani neemfuno. Ngenxa yoko, izinto zokusebenza zentsimbi zihlala zifudumala emva kokucinywa.
2. Ukufudumeza
1. Yintoni ukucaphuka?
Ubushushu yinkqubo yonyango lobushushu olubandakanya ukufudumeza izinto zetsimbi ezicinyiweyo okanye iinxalenye kwiqondo lobushushu elithile, ukugcina ubushushu kangangexesha elithile, kwaye emva koko uzipholise ngendlela ethile. Ukufudumeza kwenziwa ngoko nangoko emva kokucinywa kwaye linyathelo lokugqibela kunyango lobushushu bomsebenzi. Inkqubo edibeneyo yokucima kunye nokuvutha kubhekiselwa kuyo njengonyango lokugqibela.
2. Ezona njongo ziphambili zokucima nokuthambisa zezi:
- Ukufudumala kubalulekile ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi kunye ne-brittleness kwiindawo ezicinyiweyo. Ukuba awucaphuki ngexesha elifanelekileyo, la malungu anokukhubazeka okanye aqhekeke ngenxa yoxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye nokuqina okubangelwa kukucima.
-I-Tempering ingasetyenziselwa ukunyenyisa iipropathi ze-mechanical ze-workpiece, ezifana nobunzima, amandla, iplastiki, kunye nokuqina, ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza.
- Ukongezelela, ukufudumala kunceda ukuzinzisa ubungakanani bomsebenzi ngokuqinisekisa ukuba akukho deformation eyenzekayo ngexesha lokusetyenziswa okulandelayo, njengoko izinza isakhiwo se-metallographic.
- Ukufudumala kunokuphucula ukusebenza kokusika kweentsimbi ezithile ze-alloy.
3. Indima yokuthambisa yile:
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba i-workpiece ihlala izinzile kwaye ingenakuguqulwa kwesakhiwo ngexesha lokusetyenziswa, kubalulekile ukuphucula ukuzinza kwesakhiwo. Oku kubandakanya ukuphelisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi, olunceda ukuzinzisa imilinganiselo yejometri kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza komsebenzi. Ukongeza, ukuthambisa kunokunceda ukulungelelanisa iipropathi zentsimbi ukuze zihlangabezane neemfuno ezithile zokusetyenziswa.
Ubushushu bunezi ziphumo kuba xa iqondo lobushushu linyuka, umsebenzi weathom uyaphucuka, nto leyo evumela ukuba iiathom zentsimbi, ikhabhoni, kunye nezinye ialloy element ezikwintsimbi zisasazeke ngokukhawuleza. Oku kuvumela ukulungiswa kwakhona kwee-athomu, ukuguqula isakhiwo esingazinzanga, esingalinganiyo kwisakhiwo esizinzileyo, esinokulinganisela.
Xa intsimbi inomsindo, ubunzima kunye namandla ayancipha ngelixa iplastiki isanda. Ubungakanani bolu tshintsho kwiimpawu zoomatshini buxhomekeke kubushushu bobushushu, kunye namaqondo obushushu aphezulu akhokelela kutshintsho olukhulu. Kwezinye iintsimbi ze-alloy kunye nomxholo ophezulu wezinto ezixutywayo, ukufudumala kwiqondo elithile lobushushu kunokukhokelela kwimvula yeengqungquthela zetsimbi ezintle. Oku kwandisa amandla kunye nobunzima, into eyaziwa ngokuba lukhuni okwesibini.
Iimfuno zokuthoba: ezahlukeneyoiindawo ezenziwe ngoomatshinizifuna ukufudumeza kumaqondo obushushu ahlukeneyo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezithile zokusetyenziswa. Nanga amaqondo obushushu acetyiswayo kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zezixhobo zokusebenza:
1. Izixhobo zokusika, iibheringi, i-carburized kunye neendawo ezicinyiweyo, kunye neendawo ezicinyiweyo eziphezulu zihlala zifudumala kumaqondo aphantsi angaphantsi kwama-250 ° C. Le nkqubo ibangela utshintsho oluncinci kubunzima, ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi, kunye nokuphucula okuncinci kubunzima.
2. Imithombo ifakwe kumaqondo okushisa aphakathi ukusuka kwi-350-500 ° C ukufikelela kwi-elasticity ephezulu kunye nokuqina okufunekayo.
3. Amalungu enziwe ngentsimbi ye-medium-carbon structural steel ngokuqhelekileyo agxininiswe kumaqondo aphezulu angama-500-600 ° C ukuze afumane indibaniselwano efanelekileyo yamandla kunye nokuqina.
Xa intsimbi ishushu malunga ne-300 ° C, inokuba brittle ngakumbi, into eyaziwa ngokuba luhlobo lokuqala lokucaphuka komsindo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukufudumala akufuneki kwenziwe kolu luhlu lobushushu. Ezinye iintsimbi zesakhiwo se-carbon alloy structural ziyakwazi ukuba brittleness ukuba zithe zaphola ngokucothayo kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi emva kobushushu obuphezulu, olwaziwa ngokuba luhlobo lwesibini lokucaphuka. Ukongeza i-molybdenum kwintsimbi okanye ukupholisa kwioli okanye emanzini ngexesha lokufudumala kunokuthintela uhlobo lwesibini lokuvutha komsindo. Ukufudumeza kwakhona uhlobo lwesibini lwentsimbi epholileyo enomsindo kwiqondo lobushushu lokuqala kunokuphelisa obu bunzima.
Kwimveliso, ukhetho lobushushu bokufudumala luxhomekeke kwiimfuno zokusebenza ze-workpiece. Ubushushu buhlelwa ngokusekwe kubushushu obahlukeneyo bobushushu obusezantsi, ubushushu obuphakathi, kunye nobushushu obuphezulu. Inkqubo yonyango lobushushu ebandakanya ukucima okulandelwa kukufudumeza kobushushu obuphezulu kubhekiselwa kuyo njengokufudumeza, okukhokelela kumandla aphezulu, iplastiki elungileyo, kunye nokuqina.
- Ukushisa okuphantsi kobushushu: 150-250 ° C, ukufudumala kweM. Le nkqubo inciphisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi kunye nokuqina, iphucula iplastiki kunye nokuqina, kwaye ibangele ubunzima obuphezulu kunye nokumelana nokugqoka. Ngokuqhelekileyo isetyenziselwa ukwenza izixhobo zokulinganisa, izixhobo zokusika, iibheringi eziqengqelekayo, njl.
- Ubushushu obuphakathi: 350-500 ° C, iT tempering. Le nkqubo yokuthoba iphumela ekunyukeni kwe-elasticity, iplastiki ethile, kunye nokuqina. Ngokuqhelekileyo isetyenziselwa ukwenza iziphethu, i-forging die, njl.
- Ubushushu obuphezulu bobushushu: 500-650 ° C, S ubushushu. Le nkqubo iphumela kwiipropati ezilungileyo ezibanzi zoomatshini kwaye zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukwenza iigiya, ii-crankshafts, njl.
3. Ukulungelelanisa
1. Yintoni ukuqheleka?
Iinkqubo ye-cncof normalizing lunyango lobushushu olusetyenziselwa ukomeleza ukuqina kwentsimbi. Icandelo lensimbi lifudunyezwa kwiqondo lokushisa phakathi kwe-30 ukuya kwi-50 ° C ngaphezu kweqondo lokushisa le-Ac3, eligcinwe kwelo qondo lobushushu ixesha elithile, kwaye emva koko umoya upholile ngaphandle kwesithando somlilo. Ukupholisa okuqhelekileyo kubandakanya ukupholisa ngokukhawuleza kunokupholisa kodwa okucothayo kunokucima. Le nkqubo ibangela i-crystal grains ecocekileyo kwintsimbi, ukuphucula amandla, ukuqina (njengoko kuboniswe ngexabiso le-AKV), kunye nokunciphisa ukuthambekela kwecandelo lokuqhekeka. Ukulungelelanisa kunokuphucula ngokubonakalayo iipropathi ezibanzi zoomatshini beepleyiti zetsimbi ezishushu eziqengqelekayo eziphantsi kwealloyi, iifogi zentsimbi ephantsi, kunye nokuphosa, kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kokusika.
2. Ukwenziwa kwesiqhelo kunezi njongo nokusetyenziswa kwazo kulandelayo:
1. Intsimbi ye-Hypereutectoid: I-normalizing isetyenziselwa ukuphelisa i-overheated coarse-grained kunye nezakhiwo ze-Widmanstatten kwi-castings, i-forgings, kunye ne-weldments, kunye nezakhiwo ezidibeneyo kwizinto ezidibeneyo. Icoca iinkozo kwaye ingasetyenziswa njengonyango lwangaphambi kobushushu phambi kokucima.
2. Intsimbi ye-Hypereutectoid: I-normalizing inokuphelisa i-sementite yesibini yenethiwekhi kunye nokucoca i-pearlite, ukuphucula iimpawu zomatshini kunye nokuququzelela i-spheroidizing annealing elandelayo.
3. Ikhabhoni ephantsi, iipleyiti zetsimbi ezinqabileyo ezinzulu: Ukulungelelanisa kunokuphelisa i-cementite yamahhala kumda weenkozo, ukuphucula ukusebenza okunzulu.
4. Insimbi ephantsi kwekhabhoni kunye ne-low-carbon low-alloy steel: Ukulungelelanisa kunokufumana i-finer, izakhiwo ze-pearlite ezinqabileyo, ukwandisa ubunzima kwi-HB140-190, ukuphepha "i-knife yokunamathela" ngexesha lokusika, kunye nokuphucula ukucwangciswa. Kwiimeko apho zombini i-normalization kunye ne-annealing ingasetyenziselwa i-medium-carbon steel, i-normalizing iyancipha ngakumbi kwaye ilungele.
5. Intsimbi eqhelekileyo ye-medium-carbon structural steel: I-normalizing ingasetyenziselwa endaweni yokucima kunye nobushushu obuphezulu xa iipropati eziphezulu ze-mechanical zingafunwa, ukwenza inkqubo ibe lula kwaye iqinisekise isakhiwo sentsimbi esizinzile kunye nobukhulu.
6. Umgangatho ophezulu wokushisa (i-150-200 ° C ngaphezu kwe-Ac3): Ukunciphisa ulwahlulo lwamacandelo e-castings kunye ne-forgings ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lokusabalalisa kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu. Iinkozo ezirhabaxa zinokucokiswa ngokulungiswa kwesibini okulandelayo kwiqondo lobushushu elisezantsi.
7. Iintsimbi ze-alloy ezisezantsi kunye ne-medium-carbon alloy ezisetyenziswa kwii-injini zomphunga kunye neebhoyili: I-normalizing isetyenziselwa ukufumana isakhiwo se-bainite, ilandelwa yi-temperature yobushushu obuphezulu bokumelana nokunyuka kakuhle kwi-400-550 ° C.
8. Ukongeza kwiingxenye zetsimbi kunye nezixhobo zetsimbi, i-normalization iphinda isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kunyango lokushisa kwe-ductile iron ukufumana i-pearlite matrix kunye nokuphucula amandla e-ductile iron. Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zibandakanya ukupholisa komoya, ngoko ke ubushushu be-ambient, indlela yokupakisha, ukuhamba komoya, kunye nobungakanani besixhobo somsebenzi zonke zinefuthe kulwakhiwo kunye nokusebenza emva kokuqheleka. Ulwakhiwo oluqhelekileyo lunokusetyenziswa njengendlela yokwahlula kwintsimbi ye-alloy. Ngokuqhelekileyo, insimbi ye-alloy ihlelwe kwi-pearlite steel, i-bainite steel, i-martensite steel, kunye ne-austenite steel, kuxhomekeke kwisakhiwo esifunyenwe ngokupholisa umoya emva kokufudumeza isampuli kunye nobubanzi be-25 mm ukuya kwi-900 ° C.
4. Ukucoca
1. Yintoni i-annealing?
I-Anealing yinkqubo yokunyanga ubushushu kwintsimbi. Kubandakanya ukufudumeza kancinci kancinci isinyithi kwiqondo lobushushu elithile, ukuyigcina ikuloo bushushu kangangexesha elithile, kwaye emva koko uyipholise ngomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo. I-Annealing ingahlelwa ibe yi-annealing epheleleyo, i-annealing engaphelelanga, kunye nokunciphisa uxinzelelo. Iimpawu zomatshini wezinto ezifakwe emanzini zinokuvavanywa ngovavanyo lwe-tensile okanye uvavanyo lokuqina. Iintsimbi ezininzi zinikezelwa kwi-annealed state. Ukuqina kwentsimbi kunokuvavanywa kusetyenziswa i-Rockwell hardness tester, elinganisa ubulukhuni be-HRB. Kwiipleyiti zentsimbi ezibhityileyo, imicu yentsimbi, kunye nemibhobho yentsimbi enodonga olucekethekileyo, umvavanyi wobulukhuni be-Rockwell ongaphezulu unokusetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ubulukhuni be-HRT.
2. Iinjongo zokunqanda zezi:
-Phucula okanye uphelise iziphene ezahlukeneyo zolwakhiwo kunye noxinzelelo olushiyekileyo olubangelwa yintsimbi ekujuleni, ekubunjweni, ekuqengqelekeni, nakwiinkqubo ze-welding ukunqanda ukuguquka kunye nokuqhekeka.iinxalenye zokuphosa.
- Thambanisa i-workpiece yokusika.
- Coca iinkozo kwaye uphucule isakhiwo ukuze uphucule iimpawu zomatshini we-workpiece.
- Lungiselela ulwakhiwo lonyango lokugqibela lobushushu (ukucima kunye nokuthambisa).
3. Iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokufunxa zezi:
① Gqibezela ukuvala.
Ukuphucula iipropathi zoomatshini zentsimbi ephakathi kunye nephantsi kwekhabhoni emva kokuphosa, ukubunjwa, kunye ne-welding, kuyimfuneko ukucokisa ulwakhiwo olushushu olugqithisiweyo. Inkqubo ibandakanya ukufudumeza i-workpiece kwiqondo lobushushu 30-50℃ ngaphezu kwendawo apho yonke i-ferrite iguqulwa ibe yi-austenite, igcina lo bushushu ixesha elithile, kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe ipholisa i-workpiece eziko. Njengoko i-workpiece ipholile, i-austenite iya kuguqula kwakhona, ibangele isakhiwo sentsimbi.
② I-Spheroidizing annealing.
Ukunciphisa ubulukhuni obuphezulu bentsimbi yesixhobo kunye nokuthwala intsimbi emva kokubumba, kufuneka ufudumeze i-workpiece kwiqondo lobushushu eliyi-20-40℃ ngaphezu kwendawo apho intsimbi iqala ukwenza i-austenite, igcine ishushu, kwaye emva koko ipholise ngokucothayo. Njengoko i-workpiece ipholile, i-lamellar cementite kwi-pearlite ijika ibe yi-spherical shape, enciphisa ubunzima bentsimbi.
③ Ukukhutshwa kwe-Isothermal.
Le nkqubo isetyenziselwa ukunciphisa ubunzima obuphezulu beentsimbi ezithile ze-alloy structural kunye ne-nickel ephezulu kunye nomxholo we-chromium wokucubungula ukusika. Ngokuqhelekileyo, intsimbi ipholile ngokukhawuleza kwiqondo lokushisa elingazinzanga le-austenite kwaye ligcinwe kwiqondo lokushisa elifudumeleyo ixesha elithile. Oku kubangela ukuba i-austenite iguquke ibe yi-troostite okanye i-sorbite, ekhokelela ekunciphiseni kobunzima.
④ Recrystallization annealing.
Inkqubo isetyenziselwa ukunciphisa ukuqina kweengcingo zetsimbi kunye neepleyiti ezincinci ezenzeka ngexesha lokudweba okubandayo kunye nokuqengqeleka okubandayo. Isinyithi sifudunyezwa kwiqondo lokushisa eliqhelekileyo li-50-150 ℃ ngaphantsi kwendawo apho intsimbi iqala ukwenza i-austenite. Oku kuvumela ukupheliswa kwemiphumo yokuqina komsebenzi kunye nokuthambisa isinyithi.
⑤ Ukukhutshwa kweGraphitization.
Ukuze uguqule intsimbi etyhidiweyo enomxholo ophezulu we-cementite ibe yintsimbi ekhatywayo eneplastiki elungileyo, inkqubo ibandakanya ukufudumeza ukuphosa ukuya kuma-950 ° C, ukugcina eli qondo lobushushu ixesha elithile, kwaye emva koko lipholise ngokufanelekileyo ukudiliza i-cementite kunye ne-samente. velisa igraphite yeflocculent.
⑥ Ukukhutshwa kwe-diffusion.
Inkqubo isetyenziselwa ukudibanisa ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali ze-alloy castings kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kwazo. Indlela ibandakanya ukufudumeza ukuphosa kwelona qondo liphezulu lobushushu ngaphandle kokunyibilika, ukugcina eli qondo lobushushu ixesha elide, kwaye emva koko ulipholise kancinci. Oku kuvumela izinto ezahlukeneyo kwialloyi ukuba zisasazeke kwaye zisasazwe ngokufanayo.
⑦ Ukuphelisa uxinzelelo.
Le nkqubo isetyenziselwa ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi kwiintsimbi zentsimbi kunye neengxenye ezidibeneyo. Kwiimveliso zetsimbi eziqala ukwenza i-austenite emva kokufudumeza kwiqondo lokushisa elingaphantsi kwe-100-200 ℃, kufuneka zigcinwe zifudumele kwaye zipholile emoyeni ukuze ziphelise uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi.
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Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-14-2024