Ulwazi lwentsimbi

I. Iipropati zeMechanical zentsimbi

1. Indawo yesivuno ( σ)
Xa intsimbi okanye isampuli isoluliwe, uxinzelelo ludlula umda we-elastic, kwaye nangona uxinzelelo alunyuki, intsimbi okanye isampuli iya kuqhubeka ingena kwi-deformation yeplastiki ebonakalayo. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba yi- yield, kwaye inqaku lesivuno lixabiso elincinci loxinzelelo xa isivuno senzeka. Ukuba i-Ps ingamandla angaphandle kwinqanaba lesivuno s kunye ne-Fo yindawo enqamlezileyo yesampuli, ngoko i-chield point σ S = Ps/Fo (MPa).

2. Amandla okuvelisa ( σ 0.2)
Indawo yemveliso yezinye izinto zentsimbi ayicacanga ncam, kwaye akukho lula ukuyilinganisa. Ngoko ke, ukulinganisa iimpawu zesivuno sezinto eziphathekayo, kuchazwe ukuba i-deformation yeplastiki ehlala isigxina evelisa uxinzelelo ilingana nexabiso elithile (ngokuqhelekileyo i-0.2% yobude bokuqala), ebizwa ngokuba yi-conditional isivuno amandla okanye amandla okuvelisa. σ 0.2.
3. Amandla Okuqina ( σ B)
Olona xinzelelo luphezulu lwezinto eziphunyezwayo ngexesha loxinzelelo ukusuka ekuqaleni ukuya kwixesha lokuphuka. Ibonisa amandla entsimbi ngokuchasene nokuqhekeka. Ukuhambelana namandla okuqina amandla acinezelayo, amandla okuguquguquka, njl. MPa).
4. Ubude ( δ S)
Ipesenti yobude beplastiki yemathiriyeli emva kokuqhekezwa kubude besampulu yokuqala ibizwa ngokuba ngubude okanye ulwandiso.
5. Umlinganiselo wesivuno-amandla ( σ S/ σ B)
Umlinganiselo wenqaku lesivuno (amandla esivuno) wentsimbi ukuya kumandla okuqina ubizwa ngokuba ngumlinganiselo wamandla esivuno. Ukuphakama komlinganiselo wesivuno-amandla, kuphezulu ukuthembeka kweendawo zesakhiwo. Umlinganiselo wesivuno-amandla we-carbon steel jikelele ngu-0.6-0.65, i-alloy structural iron ephantsi yi-0.65-0.75, kunye ne-alloy structural steel yi-0.84-0.86.
6. Ukuqina
Ubunzima bubonisa ukuxhathisa kwezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kwizinto ezicinezelayo kwindawo yayo. Ngenye yezalathisi zokusebenza ezibalulekileyo zezinto zetsimbi. Ukuphakama kobunzima obuqhelekileyo, ngcono ukuxhathisa ukunxiba. Izalathi zokuqina eziqhele ukusetyenziswa bubulukhuni beBrinell, ukuqina kweRockwell, kunye nobulukhuni beVickers.
1) Ukuqina kweBrinell (HB)
Iibhola zentsimbi eziqinileyo zobukhulu obuthile obune-10mm) zixinzelelwe kumphezulu wezinto eziphathekayo kunye nomthwalo othile (ngokuqhelekileyo i-3000kg) ixesha elithile. Emva kokukhulula, umlinganiselo womthwalo kwindawo yokungena ubizwa ngokuba yiBrinell Hardness (HB).
2) Ukuqina kweRockwell (HR)
Xa i-HB>450 okanye isampulu incinci kakhulu, umlinganiselo wobulukhuni be-Rockwell endaweni yovavanyo lobulukhuni be-Brinell awunakusetyenziswa. I-cone yedayimane ene-angle ephezulu yee-degrees ze-120 okanye ibhola yensimbi kunye nobubanzi be-1.59 kunye ne-3.18 mm, ecinezelwe kwindawo yezinto eziphathekayo phantsi kwemithwalo ethile, kwaye ubunzulu be-indentation bunquma ubunzima bezinto. Kukho izikali ezithathu ezahlukeneyo ukubonisa ubulukhuni bemathiriyeli evavanyiweyo:
I-HRA: Ukuqina okufunyenweyo kunye nomthwalo we-60 kg kunye ne-diamond cone cone-in izinto eziqinileyo ezifana ne-samente carbides.
I-HRB: Ubunzima obufunyenwe ngokuqinisa ibhola yentsimbi kunye nomthwalo we-100kg kunye nobubanzi be-1.58mm. Isetyenziselwa izinto ezinobulukhuni obuphantsi (umzekelo, intsimbi ene-annealed, iron cast, njl.).
I-HRC: Ubunzima bufumaneka ngokusebenzisa umthwalo we-150 kg kunye ne-diamond cone press-in kwizinto ezinobunzima obuphezulu, njengentsimbi eqinile.
3) Ukuqina kweVickers (HV)
Umshicileli we-diamond square cone ucinezela umphezulu wezinto eziphathekayo kunye nomthwalo ongaphantsi kwe-120 kg kunye ne-angle ephezulu ye-136 degrees. Ixabiso le-Vickers hardness (HV) lichazwa ngokwahlula indawo engaphezulu ye-indentation recess yezinto ngexabiso lomthwalo.

II. Iintsimbi eziMnyama kunye neentsimbi ezingezizo ezoni

1. Iinyithi ezivuzayo
It refeNonferrouslloy yentsimbi kunye nentsimbi. Okufana nentsimbi, intsimbi yehagu, i-ferroalloy, i-iron etyhidiweyo, njl. Ngokudibeneyo zibizwa ngokuba yi-FERROCARBON alloys.
Intsimbi yehagu yenziwa ngokunyibilikisa intsimbi ekrwada kwi blast furnace, kwaye isetyenziswa ikakhulu ekwenzeni intsimbi nokuphosa.
I-Cast pig iron inyibilika kwiziko lokunyibilikisa isinyithi ukufumana i-iron etyhidiweyo (i-iron elulwelo enomxholo wekhabhoni engaphezu kwe-2.11%). Phosa ulwelo lwentsimbi kwintsimbi etyhidiweyo, ebizwa ngokuba yintsimbi.
I-Ferroalloy yi-alloy yentsimbi kunye nezinto ezifana ne-silicon, i-manganese, i-chromium, kunye ne-titanium. I-Ferroalloy yenye yezinto ezisetyenziswa ekwenzeni intsimbi kwaye isetyenziswa njenge-deoxidizer kunye ne-additive for alloy elements.
Intsimbi ibizwa ngokuba yi-iron-carbon alloy enomxholo wekhabhoni ongaphantsi kwe-2.11%. Intsimbi ifumaneka ngokubeka intsimbi yehagu yokwenza intsimbi kwiziko lokunyibilikisa intsimbi kunye nokunyibilikiswa kwayo ngokwenkqubo ethile. Iimveliso zentsimbi ziquka iingots, iibhilithi eziqhubekayo zokuphosa, kunye nokuphosa ngokuthe ngqo kweentsimbi ezahlukeneyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, intsimbi ibhekisela kwintsimbi eqengqelekayo kwiishiti ezininzi zentsimbi. Isetyenziselwa ukwenza iinxalenye zoomatshini ezishushu ezakhiweyo kunye nezicinezelekileyo, ezotyiweyo ezibandayo kunye nentloko ebandayo yentsimbi, umbhobho wentsimbi ongenamthungo amacandelo okwenza oomatshini,CNC Machining iindawo, kwayeiindawo zokuphosa.

2. Iintsimbi ezingenayo i-ferrous
Ikwaziwa njenge-non-ferrousNonferrousfers kwisinyithi kunye ne-allnonferroushan metals ferrous, ezifana nobhedu, i-tin, ilothe, i-zinc, i-aluminiyam kunye nobhedu, ubhedu, i-aluminiyam ialloy kunye ne-bearing alloys. Umzekelo, i-lathe ye-CNC inokusebenza izinto ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya i-316 kunye ne-304 yeepleyiti zensimbi ezingenasici, i-carbon steel, i-carbon steel, i-aluminium alloy, i-zinc alloy materials, i-aluminium alloy, ubhedu, isinyithi, iplastiki, iipleyiti ze-acrylic, i-POM, i-UHWM, kunye nezinye. iimpahla ezingekasilwa. Inokuqhutyelwa phambiliCNC ukuguqula iindawo, iindawo zokusila, kunye neendawo ezinzima ezinezikwere kunye nezakhiwo ze-cylindrical. Ukongeza, i-chromium, i-nickel, i-manganese, i-molybdenum, i-cobalt, i-vanadium, i-tungsten, kunye ne-titanium nazo zisetyenziswa kwishishini. Ezi zinyithi zisetyenziswa ikakhulu njengezongezo ze-alloy ekuphuculeni iipropathi zetsimbi, apho i-tungsten, i-titanium, i-molybdenum, kunye nezinye i-carbides enesamente zisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa izixhobo zokusika. Ezi zinyithi ezingenayo zibizwa ngokuba yi-industrnonferrous. Ukongeza, kukho iintsimbi ezixabisekileyo ezifana neplatinam, igolide, isilivere, kunye neentsimbi ezinqabileyo, kuquka iuranium eneradioactive kunye neradium.

 

III. Ukuhlelwa kweNsimbi

Ngaphandle kwentsimbi kunye nekhabhoni, izinto eziphambili zentsimbi ziquka isilicon, imanganese, isulfure,r, kunye nephosphorus.
Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuhlela intsimbi, kwaye ezona ziphambili zezi zilandelayo:
1. Hlela ngokoMgangatho
(1) Intsimbi eqhelekileyo (P <0.045%, S <0.050%)
(2) Intsimbi ephezulu (P, S <0.035%)
(3) Intsimbi ephezulu (P <0.035%, S <0.030%)
2. Ukuhlelwa ngokwemichiza
(1) Intsimbi yekhabhoni: a. Insimbi ye-carbon ephantsi (C <0.25%); B. Medium carbon steel (C <0.25-0.60%); C. High carbon steel (C <0.60%).
(2) Intsimbi yengxubevange: a. Insimbi ye-alloy ephantsi (umxholo opheleleyo wezinto ze-alloy <5%); B. Insimbi ye-alloy ephakathi (umxholo opheleleyo wezinto ze-alloy> 5-10%); C. Insimbi ephezulu ye-alloy (into yonke ye-alloy element> 10%).
3. Ukuhlelwa ngokwendlela yokwenza
(1) Intsimbi eyenziweyo; (2) Intsimbi yokuphosa; (3) Intsimbi eshushu eqengqelekayo; (4) Intsimbi ebandayo.
4. Ukuhlelwa nguMbutho weMetallographic
(1) Imeko echasiweyo: a. Intsimbi ye-Hypoeutectoid (i-ferrite + pearlite); B. Intsimbi ye-Eutectic (pearlite); C. Intsimbi ye-hypereutectoid (pearlite + cementite); D. Ledeburite intsimbi (pearlite + cementite).
(2) Isimo esiqhelekileyo: A. intsimbi yepearlitic; B. Intsimbi ye-Bainitic; C. intsimbi ye-martensitic; D. intsimbi Austenitic.
(3) Akukho tshintsho lwesigaba okanye inxalenye yesigaba
5. Hlela ngokuSebenzisa
(1) Ulwakhiwo kunye nentsimbi yobunjineli: a. Intsimbi yesakhiwo sekhabhoni eqhelekileyo; B. Intsimbi yesakhiwo se-alloy ephantsi; C. Intsimbi eyomeleziweyo.
(2) Intsimbi yolwakhiwo:
A. Oomatshini bentsimbi: (a) intsimbi epholileyo yesakhiwo; (b) Iintsimbi zolwakhiwo oluqina phezu komhlaba, kubandakanywa iintsimbi ezifakwe i-carburized, i-ammoniated, kunye neziqina ngaphezulu; (c) Intsimbi yolwakhiwo olusika lula; (d) Iplastiki ebandayo eyenza intsimbi, kuquka intsimbi ebandayo yokufaka isitampu kunye nentsimbi yentloko ebandayo.
B. intsimbi yasentwasahlobo
C. Ukuthwala intsimbi
(3) Isixhobo sentsimbi: a. Isixhobo sekhabhoni yensimbi; B. Isixhobo sentsimbi yentsimbi; C. High-speed isixhobo steel.
(4) Intsimbi yokusebenza ekhethekileyo: a. Intsimbi enganyangekiyo ene-asidi; B. Intsimbi ekwazi ukumelana nobushushu: kubandakanywa intsimbi echasene ne-oxidation, intsimbi yokuqina kobushushu, kunye nentsimbi yevalvu; C. Electrothermal alloy steel; D. Intsimbi enganyangekiyo; E. Intsimbi ephantsi yobushushu; F. Intsimbi yombane.
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6. UHlelo oluBanzi
(1) Intsimbi eqhelekileyo
A. Intsimbi yesakhiwo seCarbon: (a) Q195; (b) Q215 (A, B); (c) Q235 (A, B, C); (d) Q255 (A, B); (e) Q275.
B. Intsimbi yesakhiwo esisezantsi
C. Intsimbi yesakhiwo ngokubanzi ngeenjongo ezithile
(2)Intsimbi ekumgangatho ophezulu (kubandakanywa nentsimbi ekumgangatho ophezulu)
A. Intsimbi yolwakhiwo: (a) Umgangatho ophezulu we-carbon structural steel; (b) Ingxubevange yentsimbi yolwakhiwo; (c) intsimbi yomthombo; (d) Intsimbi esikwa lula; (e) Ukuthwala intsimbi; (f) Umgangatho ophezulu wentsimbi yolwakhiwo ngeenjongo ezithile.
B. Intsimbi yesixhobo: (a) Intsimbi yesixhobo seCarbon; (b) Isixhobo sentsimbi; (c) Intsimbi yesixhobo esinesantya esiphezulu.
C. Intsimbi yokusebenza ekhethekileyo: (a) insimbi engenasici kunye ne-asidi-resistant; (b) Intsimbi ekwaziyo ukumelana nobushushu; (c) Intsimbi yombane yobushushu bentsimbi; (d) Intsimbi yombane; (e) Intsimbi ephezulu yemanganese engagugiyo.
7. Ukuhlelwa ngokweNdlela yokuNyibilika
(1) Ngokohlobo lwesithando somlilo
A. Intsimbi yokuguqula: (a) intsimbi yokuguqula iasidi; (b) Intsimbi yokuguqula ialkaline. Okanye (a) intsimbi yokuguqula ephantsi, (b) Intsimbi yokuguqulela emacaleni, (c) Intsimbi yokuguqulela evuthelwe phezulu.
B. Intsimbi yesithando sombane: (a) Intsimbi yesithando sombane; (b) Intsimbi ye-Electroslag; (c) intsimbi yesithando somlilo; (d) Vacuum intsimbi yomlilo esetyenziswayo; (e) Intsimbi yentsimbi ye-electron.
(2) Ngokwe-deoxidization degree kunye nenkqubo yokuthulula
A. Intsimbi ebilayo; B. Intsimbi epholileyo; C. Intsimbi ebuleweyo; D. Intsimbi ekhethekileyo ebuleweyo.

 

IV. Isishwankathelo seNdlela yokuMelelwa kweNombolo yeNsimbi eTshayina

Uphawu lwemveliso ngokubanzi lumelwe ngokudibanisa ialfabhethi yesiTshayina, isimboli yekhemikhali, kunye nenombolo yesiArabhu. Yiyo i:
(1) Iimpawu zeekhemikhali zamazwe ngamazwe, ezifana noSi, Mn, Cr, njl. njl., zimele iikhemikhali zamanani entsimbi. Izinto ezidityanisiweyo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zimelwe yi-RE (okanye i-Xt).
(2) Igama lemveliso, ukusetyenziswa, ukunyibilikisa kunye neendlela zokugalela, njl., ngokuqhelekileyo zibonakaliswa ngezifinyezo zefonetiki yaseTshayina.
(3) Amanani esi-Arabhu achaza umxholo wezinto zekhemikhali ezikhokelayo (%) kwintsimbi.
Xa usebenzisa ialfabhethi yesiTshayina ukumela igama lemveliso, ukusetyenziswa, iimpawu, kunye nendlela yenkqubo, unobumba wokuqala udla ngokukhethwa kwialfabhethi yesiTshayina ukumela igama lemveliso. Xa uphinda unobumba okhethiweyo wenye imveliso, unobumba wesibini okanye wesithathu unokusetyenziswa, okanye i-alfabhethi yokuqala yoonobumba ababini baseTshayina inokukhethwa ngaxeshanye.
Apho kungekho nobumba okanye ialfabhethi ekhoyo ngoku, iisimboli ziya kuba ngoonobumba besiNgesi.