Indlela yokwahlula ukucinywa, ukufudumeza, ukunyanzeliswa, ukunyanzeliswa

Yintoni ukufudumala?

I-Tempering yinkqubo yonyango lobushushu apho izinto zetsimbi ezicinyiweyo okanye inxalenye ishushu kwiqondo lokushisa elithile, igcinwe ixesha elithile, kwaye ipholile ngendlela ethile. I-Tempering yinto eyenziwa ngokukhawuleza emva kokucima kwaye idla ngokuba yinxalenye yokugqibela yonyango lobushushu bomsebenzi. Inkqubo edityanisiweyo yokucima kunye nokutshisa kuthiwa unyango lokugqibela. Eyona njongo iphambili yokucima kunye nokuthambisa yile:

1) Ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi kunye nokunciphisa i-brittleness. Amalungu acinyiweyo anoxinzelelo olubalulekileyo kunye ne-brittleness. Baya kuthambekela ekukhubazekeni okanye bade baqhekeke ukuba abacaphuki ngexesha.

2) Lungisa iipropati zomatshini we-workpiece. Emva kokucima, i-workpiece inobunzima obuphezulu kunye ne-brittleness ephezulu. Inokulungiswa ngobushushu, ubulukhuni, amandla, iplastiki, kunye nokuqina ukuze ihlangabezane neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza kwezinto ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza.

3) Zinzise ubungakanani bomsebenzi. Isakhiwo se-metallographic sinokuzinziswa ngokufudumeza ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho deformation eyenzekayo ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kwixesha elizayo.

4) Ukuphucula ukusebenza kokusika kweentsimbi ezithile ze-alloy.
Umphumo wokuthoba kukuba:

① Ukuphucula uzinzo lombutho ukuze ubume bomsebenzi ungasatshintshi ngexesha lokusetyenziswa ukuze ubungakanani bejometri kunye nokusebenza kuhlale kuzinzile.

② Ukuphelisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi ukuphucula ukusebenza komsebenzi kunye nokuzinzisa ubungakanani bejometri yomsebenzi.

③ Lungisa iimpawu zomatshini zentsimbi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokusetyenziswa.

Isizathu sokuba ubushushu bunezi ziphumo kukuba xa ubushushu buphakama, umsebenzi we-athomu uyanda. Iiathom zentsimbi, ikhabhoni, kunye nezinye izinto ezixubeneyo kwintsimbi zinokusasazeka ngokukhawuleza ukuqonda uhlengahlengiso kunye nokudityaniswa kwamasuntswana, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ingazinzi. Intlangano engalungelelananga ngokuthe ngcembe yaguquka yaba yintlangano ezinzileyo nelungeleleneyo. Ukuphelisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi kuhambelana nokuhla kwamandla esinyithi xa ubushushu buphakama. Xa intsimbi eqhelekileyo iyancipha, ubunzima kunye namandla ayancipha, kwaye iplastiki iyanda. Okukhona ubushushu bobushushu buphezulu, kokukhona lubaluleke ngakumbi utshintsho kwezi mpawu zomatshini. Ezinye iintsimbi ze-alloy kunye nomxholo ophezulu wezinto ezixutywayo ziya kudlula amanye amaqhekeza amancinci eekhompawundi zetsimbi xa zivutha kuluhlu oluthile lobushushu, oluya kwandisa amandla kunye nokuqina. Lo mcimbi ubizwa ngokuba lukhuni okwesibini.
Iimfuno zokuthambisa: Izixhobo zokusebenza ezineenjongo ezahlukeneyo kufuneka zithotywe kumaqondo obushushu ahlukeneyo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokusetyenziswa.

① Izixhobo, iibheringi, iinxalenye zecarburized kunye neendawo eziqinisiweyo, kunye neendawo eziqinileyo zomphezulu zihlala zipholile ngaphantsi kwe-250 ° C. Ubunzima butshintsha kancinci emva kobushushu obuphantsi, uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi luyancitshiswa, kwaye ukuqina kuphuculwe kancinci.

② Intlakohlaza ibanjiswe kubushushu obuphakathi obuyi-350⑞500℃ ukufumana ukuqina okuphezulu kunye nokuqina okuyimfuneko.

③ Amacandelo enziwe ngentsimbi ephakathi ye-carbon structural ikholisa ukuthotywa kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu angama-500～600℃ ukufumana umdlalo olungileyo wamandla afanelekileyo kunye nokuqina.

 

Xa intsimbi ishushu malunga ne-300 ° C, idla ngokunyusa ukuphuka kwayo. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba luhlobo lokuqala lokucaphuka komsindo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, akufuneki ukuba ifakwe kwiqondo lokushisa. Ezinye iintsimbi zolwakhiwo lwe-carbon medium-carbon alloy zithande ukuba brittle ukuba zithe zapholiswa kancinane kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi emva kobushushu obuphezulu. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba luhlobo lwesibini lokucaphuka. Ukongeza i-molybdenum kwintsimbi okanye ukupholisa kwioli okanye emanzini ngexesha lokufudumala kunokuthintela uhlobo lwesibini lokuvutha komsindo. Olu hlobo lwe-brittleness lunokupheliswa ngokufudumeza uhlobo lwesibini lwentsimbi epholileyo kwiqondo lokushisa lokuqala.

Kwimveliso, ihlala isekelwe kwiimfuno zokusebenza ze-workpiece. Ngokutsho kobushushu obuhlukeneyo bokufudumeza, ukufudumeza kwahlulwe kubushushu obuphantsi, obuphakathi, kunye nobushushu obuphezulu. Inkqubo yonyango yobushushu edibanisa ukucima kunye nobushushu obuphezulu obulandelayo bubizwa ngokuba yi-quenching kunye nokufudumala, oku kuthetha ukuba unamandla aphezulu kunye nokuqina okuhle kweplastiki.

1. Ukushisa okuphantsi kweqondo lokushisa: i-150-250 ° C, imijikelezo ye-M, iyanciphisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi kunye ne-brittleness, iphucula ukuqina kweplastiki, kwaye inobunzima obuphezulu kunye nokuxhatshazwa kokugqoka. Ndandidla ngokwenza izixhobo zokulinganisa, izixhobo zokusika, iibheringi eziqengqelekayo, njl.

2. Ubushushu obuphakathi: 350-500℃, umjikelo we-T, ukuqina okuphezulu, iplastiki ethile, kunye nokuqina. Isetyenziselwa ukwenza i-springs, i-forging dies, njl.CNC machining inxalenye

3. Ubushushu bobushushu obuphezulu: 500-650℃, ixesha le-S, kunye neempawu ezilungileyo ezibanzi zoomatshini. Ndandidla ngokwenza iigiya, ii-crankshafts, njl.

Yintoni ukuqheleka?

I-normalizing yonyango lobushushu oluphucula ukuqina kwentsimbi. Emva kokuba inxalenye yentsimbi ifudunyezwe kwi-30 ~ 50 ° C ngaphezu kweqondo lokushisa kwe-Ac3, igcinwa ifudumele kwaye ipholile emoyeni. Olona phawu luphambili kukuba izinga lokupholisa likhawuleza kunokucima kwaye lisezantsi kunokucima. Ngexesha lesiqhelo, iinkozo zekristale zentsimbi zinokucocwa ngokupholisa okukhawulezileyo. Akunakufumaneka kuphela amandla anelisayo, kodwa ukuqina (ixabiso le-AKV) kunokuphucula kakhulu kwaye kuncitshiswe-ukutyekela kwecandelo lokuqhekeka. -Emva kokunyangwa okuqhelekileyo kwezinye iipleyiti zetsimbi ezitshisayo eziphantsi kwe-alloy, i-low-alloy metal forgings, kunye ne-castings, iimpawu ezibanzi zomatshini wezinto eziphathekayo zinokuphucula kakhulu, kunye nokusebenza kokusika kuphuculwe.inxalenye yealuminiyam

Ukwenziwa kwesiqhelo kunezi njongo nokusetyenziswa kwazo zilandelayo:

① Kwiintsimbi ze-hypereutectoid, i-normalizing isetyenziselwa ukuphelisa ubume obugqithisiweyo obuqinileyo kunye nesakhiwo se-Widmanstatten ye-cast, i-forging, kunye ne-weldments, kunye nesakhiwo sebhendi kwizinto eziqengqelekayo; coca iinkozo; kwaye ingasetyenziswa njengonyango lwangaphambi kobushushu phambi kokucima.

② Kwiintsimbi ze-hypereutectoid, i-normalization inokuphelisa i-cementite yesibini ehlaziyiweyo kwaye icokise i-pearlite, iphucula iimpawu zomatshini kunye nokuququzelela i-spheroidizing annealing elandelayo.

③ Kwikhabhoni esezantsi-umzobo wamaphepha entsimbi amancinci, ukulinganisa kunokuphelisa i-cementite yamahhala kumda weenkozo ukuphucula ukusebenza kwayo okunzulu.

④ Ngentsimbi ye-carbon ephantsi kunye ne-low-carbon low-alloy steel, i-normalization inokufumana i-flake ye-pearlite isakhiwo, yandise ubulukhuni kwi-HB140-190, igweme into "yokuncamathela imela" ngexesha lokusika, kunye nokuphucula ubuchule. Ukulungelelanisa kunoqoqosho ngakumbi kwaye kukulungele intsimbi yekhabhoni ephakathi xa i-normalizing kunye ne-annealing ikhona.Amazembe amahlanu asebenza inxalenye

⑤ Kwiintsimbi eziqhelekileyo ze-carbon structural steels, apho iimpawu zomatshini zingekho phezulu, i-normalization ingasetyenziselwa endaweni yokucima kunye nokushisa okuphezulu, okulula ukusebenza kunye nokuzinza kwisakhiwo kunye nobukhulu bentsimbi.

⑥ Ukushisa okuphezulu okuqhelekileyo (150～200℃ ngaphezulu kwe-Ac3) kunokunciphisa ulwahlulo lokubunjwa kwee-castings kunye ne-forgings ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lokusabalalisa kumaqondo aphezulu. Emva komgangatho ophezulu wokushisa okuqhelekileyo, ukunyanzeliswa kwesibini okuphantsi kweqondo lokushisa kunokuphucula iinkozo ezinqabileyo.

⑦ Kwezinye iintsimbi ze-alloy eziphantsi kunye ne-medium-carbon alloy ezisetyenziswa kwii-injini zomphunga kunye neebhoyili, i-normalizing isoloko isetyenziselwa ukufumana isakhiwo se-bainite. Emva koko, emva kobushushu bobushushu obuphezulu, inokumelana nokuchwechwa okuhle xa isetyenziswa kwi-400-550 ℃.

⑧ Ukongeza kwiindawo zetsimbi kunye nentsimbi, i-normalization iphinda isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kunyango olushushu lwe-ductile iron ukufumana i-pearlite matrix kunye nokuphucula amandla esinyithi.

Ekubeni uphawu lwe-normalization lupholisa umoya, ubushushu be-ambient, indlela yokupakisha, ukuhamba komoya, kunye nobukhulu be-workpiece yonke ichaphazela umbutho kunye nokusebenza emva kokuqhelekileyo. Ulwakhiwo oluqhelekileyo lunokusetyenziswa njengendlela yokwahlula kwintsimbi ye-alloy. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iintsimbi ze-alloy zihlulwe zibe yi-pearlite, i-bainite, i-martensitic, kunye nentsimbi ye-austenitic esekelwe kwisakhiwo esifunyenwe ngokupholisa umoya emva kokuba isampuli kunye nobubanzi be-25 mm ishushu kwi-900 ° C.

Yintoni ukuhlamba?

I-Anealing yinkqubo yokunyanga ubushushu bentsimbi ethi kancinane ifudumeze intsimbi ukuya kubushushu obuthile, iyigcine ixesha elaneleyo, ize iyipholise ngesantya esifanelekileyo. Unyango lobushushu olunealing lwahlulahlulwe lwaba olungaphelelanga, g, kunye noxinzelelo loxinzelelo lwe-annealing. Iimpawu zomatshini wezinto ezifakwe kwi-anneal zingavavanywa ngovavanyo lwe-tensile okanye ukuqina. Iintsimbi ezininzi zibonelelwa kwimo yonyango lobushushu. Umvavanyi wobulukhuni be-Rockwell unokuvavanya ubulukhuni bentsimbi ukuvavanya ubulukhuni be-HRB. Kwiipleyiti zentsimbi ezibhityileyo, imicu yentsimbi kunye nemibhobho yentsimbi enodonga olucekethekileyo, umvavanyi wobulukhuni be-Rockwell ungasetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ubulukhuni be-HRT. .

Injongo yokunciphisa kuku:

① Ukuphucula okanye ukuphelisa iziphene kulwakhiwo kunye noxinzelelo olushiyekileyo olubangelwa kukuphosa kwentsimbi, ukubunjwa, ukuqengqeleka, kunye ne-welding, kwaye uthintele ukuguqulwa kunye nokuqhekeka kwendawo yokusebenza.

② Thambisa icwecwe lokusika.

③ Cokisa iinkozo kwaye uphucule ubume bokuphucula iipropathi zoomatshini bomsebenzi.

④ Lungiselela umbutho kunyango lokugqibela lobushushu (ukucima, ukuthambisa).

Iinkqubo ezixhaphakileyo zokufunxa zezi:

① Ivaliwe ngokupheleleyo. Isetyenziselwa ukucokisa ulwakhiwo olurhabaxa kakhulu oluneempawu ezimbi zoomatshini emva kokuphosa, ukubunjwa, g, kunye nentsimbi yentsimbi yekhabhoni ephantsi. Fudumeza i-workpiece ukuya kwi-30-50℃ ngaphezu kweqondo lobushushu apho yonke i-ferrite iguqulwa ibe yi-austenite, yigcine ixesha elithile, emva koko uphole kancinci ngeziko. Ngethuba lenkqubo yokupholisa, i-austenite iguqula kwakhona ukwenza isakhiwo sensimbi sibe sihle.

② I-Spheroidizing annealing. Zisetyenziselwa ukunciphisa ubunzima obuphezulu bensimbi yesixhobo kunye nentsimbi yokuthwala emva kokubumba. I-workpiece ifudunyezwa kwi-20-40 ° C ngaphezu kweqondo lokushisa apho intsimbi yenza i-austenite kwaye ipholile ngokukhawuleza emva kokubamba ubushushu. Ngethuba lenkqubo yokupholisa, i-lamellar cementite kwi-pearlite iba yi-spherical, inciphisa ubunzima.

③ Ukukhutshwa kwe-Isothermal. Yehlisa ubulukhuni bentsimbi ye-alloy yesakhiwo esine-nickel ephezulu kunye nomxholo wechromium wokusika. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ipholiswe kweyona qondo lobushushu lingazinzanga lwe austenite ngesantya esikhawulezayo. Emva kokubamba ixesha elifanelekileyo, i-austenite iguqulwa ibe yi-troostite okanye i-sorbite, kwaye ubunzima bunokuncipha.

④ Recrystallization annealing. Iphelisa into enzima (ukwanda kobunzima kunye nokuncipha kweplastiki) yocingo lwetsimbi kunye neshiti ngexesha lokudweba okubandayo kunye nokuqengqeleka. Ubushushu bokufudumala ngokuqhelekileyo bungama-50 ukuya kwi-150 ° C ngaphantsi kweqondo lokushisa apho intsimbi iqala ukwenza i-austenite. Ngaloo ndlela kuphela umphumo wokuqina womsebenzi unokupheliswa, kwaye isinyithi sinokuthamba.

⑤ Ukukhutshwa kweGraphitization. Isetyenziselwa ukwenza intsimbi etyhidiweyo equlethe isixa esikhulu sesamente ibe yintsimbi ethambileyo etyhidiweyo eneplastiki elungileyo. Umsebenzi wenkqubo kukutshisa i-casting malunga ne-950 ° C, uyigcine ishushu ixesha elithile, kwaye emva koko uyipholise ngokufanelekileyo ukubola i-cementite ukwenza i-graphite ye-flocculent.

⑥ Ukukhutshwa kwe-diffusion. Isetyenziselwa ukwenza i-homogenize ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali ze-alloy castings kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kwayo. Indlela yokufudumeza ukuphosa kwelona qondo liphezulu lobushushu ngaphandle kokuyinyibilikisa ixesha elide kunye nokupholisa kancinci emva kokusasazwa kwezinto ezahlukeneyo kwi-alloy, edla ngokusasazwa ngokulinganayo.

⑦ Ukuphelisa uxinzelelo. Iphelisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi lweentsimbi zentsimbi kunye neengxenye ze-welding. Kwiimveliso zensimbi, iqondo lokushisa apho i-austenite iqala ukwenza emva kokufudumeza i-100-200 ℃, kwaye uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi lunokupheliswa ngokupholisa emoyeni emva kokubamba ukushisa.