Kumvetsetsa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kuzimitsa, Kutentha, Kukhazikika, ndi Annealing

1. Kuzimitsa

1. Kodi kuzimitsa ndi chiyani?
Kuzima ndi njira yochizira kutentha yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazitsulo. Pochita izi, zitsulo zimatenthedwa kutentha pamwamba pa kutentha kwakukulu kwa Ac3 (kwa hypereutectoid steel) kapena Ac1 (kwa hypereutectoid steel). Izo zimasungidwa kutentha uku kwa nthawi kuti mokwanira kapena pang'ono austenitize zitsulo, ndiyeno mwamsanga utakhazikika pansi Ms (kapena unachitikira isothermally pafupi Ms) pa kuzirala mlingo wapamwamba kuposa mlingo kuzirala wovuta kusintha kukhala martensite ( kapena bainite). Kuzimitsa kumagwiritsidwanso ntchito pochiza njira zolimba komanso kuziziritsa mwachangu kwa zinthu monga ma aluminiyamu aloyi, ma aloyi amkuwa, ma aloyi a titaniyamu, ndi magalasi owala.

2. Cholinga cha kuzimitsa:

1) Sinthani zida zamakina azinthu zachitsulo kapena magawo. Mwachitsanzo, kumawonjezera kuuma ndi kuvala kukana zida, mayendedwe, etc., kumawonjezera zotanuka malire akasupe, bwino wonse makina zimatha mbali kutsinde, etc.

2) Kupititsa patsogolo zinthu zakuthupi kapena mankhwala amtundu wina wazitsulo, monga kuwongolera kukana kwachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kapena kukulitsa maginito okhazikika azitsulo zamaginito, ndikofunikira kusankha mosamala njira zozimitsa ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira yoyenera yozimitsira nthawi kuzimitsa ndi kuziziritsa ndondomeko. Njira zozimitsira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ndi monga kuzimitsa kwamadzi amodzi, kuzimitsa kwamadzi kawiri, kuzimitsa m'magulu, kuzimitsa kwa isothermal, ndi kuzimitsa kwapafupi. Njira iliyonse ili ndi machitidwe ake enieni ndi ubwino wake.

3. Pambuyo kuzimitsa, zitsulo workpieces amasonyeza makhalidwe awa:

- Zomangamanga zosakhazikika monga martensite, bainite, ndi otsalira austenite alipo.
- Pali kupsinjika kwakukulu kwamkati.
- Zomwe zimapangidwira sizimakwaniritsa zofunikira. Chifukwa chake, zitsulo zogwirira ntchito nthawi zambiri zimatenthedwa pambuyo pozimitsidwa.

2. Kutentha

1. Kodi kutentha ndi chiyani?

Kutentha ndi njira yochizira kutentha yomwe imaphatikizapo Kutentha kwazitsulo zozimitsidwa kapena mbali zina kutentha kwapadera, kusunga kutentha kwa nthawi inayake, ndikuzizizira mwanjira inayake. Kutentha kumachitidwa mwamsanga pambuyo pozimitsa ndipo nthawi zambiri ndi gawo lomaliza la kutentha kwa workpiece. Njira yophatikizira yozimitsa ndi kutentha imatchedwa chithandizo chomaliza.

2. Zolinga zazikulu zozimitsa ndi kutentha ndi:
- Kutenthetsa ndikofunikira kuti muchepetse kupsinjika kwamkati ndi brittleness m'zigawo zozimitsidwa. Ngati sizikutenthedwa panthawi yake, ziwalozi zimatha kupunduka kapena kusweka chifukwa cha kupsyinjika kwakukulu komanso kuwonongeka komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuzimitsa.
- Kutentha kungagwiritsidwenso ntchito kusintha mawonekedwe a makina a workpiece, monga kuuma, mphamvu, pulasitiki, ndi kulimba, kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zosiyanasiyana.
- Kuphatikiza apo, kutenthetsa kumathandizira kukhazikika kwa kukula kwa chogwiriracho powonetsetsa kuti palibe kupindika komwe kumachitika pakagwiritsidwa ntchito motsatira, chifukwa kumalimbitsa kapangidwe ka metallographic.
- Kutentha kumathanso kukonza magwiridwe antchito azitsulo zina za alloy.

3. Ntchito yotenthetsa ndi:
Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti workpiece imakhalabe yokhazikika ndipo sichikusinthika pakagwiritsidwe ntchito, ndikofunika kupititsa patsogolo kukhazikika kwa dongosololi. Izi zimaphatikizapo kuchotsa kupsinjika kwamkati, komwe kumathandizira kukhazikika kwa miyeso ya geometric ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a workpiece. Kuonjezera apo, kutentha kungathandize kusintha makina achitsulo kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kutentha kumakhala ndi zotsatirazi chifukwa kutentha kukakwera, ntchito ya atomiki imakula, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti maatomu a iron, carbon, ndi alloy element muzitsulo azifalikira mofulumira. Izi zimathandizira kukonzanso ma atomu, kusintha mawonekedwe osakhazikika, osakhazikika kukhala okhazikika, okhazikika.

Chitsulo chikatenthedwa, kuuma ndi mphamvu zimachepa pamene pulasitiki ikuwonjezeka. Kuchuluka kwa kusintha kumeneku kwa zinthu zamakina kumadalira kutentha kwa kutentha, ndi kutentha kwakukulu kumabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu. Muzitsulo zina za aloyi zomwe zimakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zopangira ma alloying, kutentha mumtundu wina wa kutentha kungayambitse mvula yazitsulo zabwino. Izi zimawonjezera mphamvu ndi kuuma, chodabwitsa chomwe chimadziwika kuti kuuma kwachiwiri.

Zofunikira pakuwotcha: Zosiyanasiyanazida zamakinaamafuna kutentha pa kutentha kosiyana kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zogwiritsira ntchito. Nawa kutentha kovomerezeka kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zogwirira ntchito:
1. Zida zodulira, ma bere, zida za carburized ndi kuzimitsidwa, ndi zida zozimitsidwa pamtunda nthawi zambiri zimatenthedwa pa kutentha kochepera 250 ° C. Njirayi imabweretsa kusintha kochepa kwa kuuma, kuchepetsa kupsinjika kwa mkati, ndi kusintha pang'ono kwa kuuma.
2. Akasupe amatenthedwa pa kutentha kwapakati kuyambira 350-500 ° C kuti akwaniritse kusungunuka kwapamwamba komanso kulimba kofunikira.
3. Magawo opangidwa ndi chitsulo chopangidwa ndi mpweya wapakati nthawi zambiri amatenthedwa pa kutentha kwa 500-600 ° C kuti apeze kuphatikiza koyenera kwa mphamvu ndi kulimba.

Chitsulo chikatenthedwa pafupifupi 300 ° C, chimatha kukhala cholimba kwambiri, chodabwitsa chomwe chimatchedwa mtundu woyamba wa kupsa mtima. Nthawi zambiri, kutenthetsa sikuyenera kuchitika pa kutentha uku. Zitsulo zina zapakati-carbon alloy structural steels zimakhalanso zosavuta ngati zimakhazikika pang'onopang'ono kutentha kwa chipinda pambuyo pa kutentha kwakukulu, komwe kumadziwika kuti mtundu wachiwiri wa brittleness. Kuwonjezera molybdenum ku chitsulo kapena kuziziritsa mu mafuta kapena madzi panthawi ya kutentha kungalepheretse mtundu wachiwiri wa kupsa mtima. Kutenthetsanso mtundu wachiwiri wa chitsulo chosasunthika ku kutentha koyambirira kumatha kuthetsa kuphulika uku.

Popanga, kusankha kutentha kwa kutentha kumadalira zofunikira za ntchito ya workpiece. Kutentha kumagawika kutengera kutentha kosiyanasiyana kukhala kocheperako, kocheperako, komanso kutentha kwambiri. Njira yochizira kutentha yomwe imaphatikizapo kuzimitsa kutsatiridwa ndi kutentha kwapamwamba kumatchedwa kutenthedwa, kumapangitsa kuti pakhale mphamvu zambiri, pulasitiki yabwino, ndi kulimba.

- Kutentha kochepa: 150-250 ° C, M kutentha. Njirayi imachepetsa kupsinjika kwamkati ndi brittleness, imapangitsa kuti pulasitiki ikhale yolimba komanso yolimba, ndipo imabweretsa kuuma kwakukulu komanso kukana kuvala. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zoyezera, zida zodulira, zogudubuza, ndi zina.
- Kutentha kwapakatikati: 350-500 ° C, T kutentha. Kutentha kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti thupi likhale lolimba, pulasitiki, ndi kuuma. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga akasupe, kupangira ma dies, etc.
- Kutentha kwambiri: 500-650 ° C, S kutentha. Izi zimabweretsa zabwino zamakina zamakina ndipo nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magiya, ma crankshafts, ndi zina zambiri.

3. Kukhazikika

1. Kodi normalizing ndi chiyani?

Thecnc ndondomekonormalizing ndi chithandizo cha kutentha chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kulimbitsa kulimba kwachitsulo. Chigawo chachitsulo chimatenthedwa kutentha kwapakati pa 30 mpaka 50 ° C pamwamba pa kutentha kwa Ac3, komwe kumakhala kutentha kumeneko kwa kanthawi, ndiyeno mpweya utakhazikika kunja kwa ng'anjo. Kuchita mwachizolowezi kumaphatikizapo kuziziritsa msanga kusiyana ndi kuziziritsa koma pang'onopang'ono kusiyana ndi kuzimitsa. Izi zimabweretsa mbewu za kristalo zoyengedwa muzitsulo, kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu, kulimba (monga momwe mtengo wa AKV umasonyezera), komanso kuchepetsa chizolowezi cha chigawocho. Kukhazikika kumatha kupititsa patsogolo luso lazinthu zamakina azitsulo zazitsulo zotsika kwambiri, zopangira zitsulo zotsika, ndi zoponya, komanso kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yodula.

2. Normalizing ali ndi zolinga ndi ntchito zotsatirazi:

1. Chitsulo cha Hypereutectoid: Normalizing chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthetsa zowonongeka zowonongeka ndi zowonongeka za Widmanstatten mu castings, forgings, and weldments, komanso zomangira zomangira muzinthu zogubuduzika. Imayenga mbewuzo ndipo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chithandizo cha kutentha chisanayambe kuzima.

2. Hypereutectoid zitsulo: Normalizing akhoza kuthetsa maukonde yachiwiri cementite ndi kuyenga pearlite, kukonza makina katundu ndi kutsogolera wotsatira spheroidizing annealing.

3. Zitsulo zocheperako, zokoka mozama kwambiri: Kukhazikika kumatha kuchotsa simenti yaulere pamalire ambewu, kupititsa patsogolo luso lojambula mozama.

4. Chitsulo chochepa cha carbon ndi chitsulo chochepa cha carbon low-alloy: Normalizing imatha kupeza zowonongeka, zowonongeka za pearlite, kuwonjezera kuuma kwa HB140-190, kupeŵa zochitika za "mpeni womata" panthawi yodula, ndikuwongolera machinability. M'malo omwe zitsulo zonse za normalizing ndi annealing zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chitsulo chapakatikati, kukhazikika kumakhala kosavuta komanso kosavuta.

5. Wamba sing'anga-mpweya mpweya structural zitsulo: Normalizing angagwiritsidwe ntchito m'malo quenching ndi mkulu-kutentha kutentha pamene mkulu mawotchi katundu si chofunika, kupanga njira yosavuta ndi kuonetsetsa khola zitsulo kapangidwe ndi kukula.

6. Kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri (150-200 ° C pamwamba pa Ac3): Kuchepetsa kugawanika kwa chigawo cha castings ndi forgings chifukwa cha kufalikira kwakukulu pa kutentha kwakukulu. Mbewu zolimba zimatha kuyengedwa potsatira sekondi imodzi pa kutentha kochepa.

7. Zitsulo zotsika ndi zapakatikati za carbon alloy zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu makina opangira nthunzi ndi ma boilers: Normalizing imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza dongosolo la bainite, lotsatiridwa ndi kutentha kwapamwamba kwa kutentha kwabwino kwa 400-550 ° C.

8. Kuwonjezera pa zitsulo ndi zipangizo zachitsulo, normalizing imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri pochiza kutentha kwa chitsulo cha ductile kupeza matrix a pearlite ndi kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu ya chitsulo cha ductile. Makhalidwe a normalizing amakhudza kuziziritsa kwa mpweya, kotero kutentha kozungulira, njira ya stacking, mpweya wa mpweya, ndi kukula kwa workpiece zonse zimakhudza mapangidwe ndi ntchito pambuyo pokhazikika. Mapangidwe a normalizing angagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati njira yamagulu azitsulo zazitsulo. Nthawi zambiri, chitsulo cha alloy chimagawidwa kukhala chitsulo cha pearlite, chitsulo cha bainite, chitsulo cha martensite, ndi chitsulo cha austenite, kutengera kapangidwe kamene kamapezeka ndi kuziziritsa kwa mpweya mutatha kutentha chitsanzo chokhala ndi mainchesi 25 mpaka 900 ° C.

4. Kudziletsa

1. Kodi annealing ndi chiyani?
Annealing ndi njira yochizira kutentha kwachitsulo. Kumaphatikizapo kutenthetsa pang’onopang’ono chitsulocho kuti chikhale chotentha kwambiri, kuchisunga pa kutentha kumeneko kwa nthaŵi yakutiyakuti, ndiyeno kuziziritsa pamlingo woyenera. Annealing akhoza kugawidwa mu annealing wathunthu, annealing osakwanira, ndi kuchepetsa nkhawa annealing. Mawonekedwe azinthu zamakina amatha kuyesedwa kudzera pakuyesa kolimba kapena kuyesa kuuma. Zitsulo zambiri zimaperekedwa mu annealed state. Kuuma kwachitsulo kumatha kuyesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito Rockwell hardness tester, yomwe imayesa kuuma kwa HRB. Kwa mbale zocheperako zachitsulo, zingwe zachitsulo, ndi mapaipi achitsulo okhala ndi mipanda yopyapyala, choyezera kuuma cha Rockwell chingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyeza kuuma kwa HRT.

2. Cholinga cha annealing ndi:
- Kupititsa patsogolo kapena kuthetsa zolakwika zosiyanasiyana zamapangidwe ndi kupsinjika kotsalira komwe kumachitika chifukwa chachitsulo pakuponyera, kufota, kugudubuza, ndi kuwotcherera kuti mupewe kuwonongeka ndi kusweka kwakufa kuponya ziwalo.
- Pewani chogwirira ntchito podula.
- Yengani mbewuzo ndikuwongolera kapangidwe kake kuti muwongolere zida zamakina a chogwiriracho.
- Konzani dongosolo lokonzekera kutentha komaliza (kuzimitsa ndi kutentha).

3. Njira zofananira zomangira ndi:
① Kudzaza kwathunthu.
Kuwongolera mphamvu zamawotchi apakati ndi otsika mpweya zitsulo pambuyo kuponyera, forging, ndi kuwotcherera, m'pofunika kuyenga coarse overheated dongosolo. Njirayi imaphatikizapo Kutenthetsa workpiece kutentha kwa 30-50 ℃ pamwamba pomwe ferrite yonse imasandulika kukhala austenite, kusunga kutentha uku kwa nthawi, ndiyeno pang'onopang'ono kuziziritsa workpiece mu ng'anjo. Pamene workpiece ikazizira, austenite idzasintha kachiwiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chitsulo chabwino kwambiri.

② Kuwotcha kwa spheroidizing.
Kuti muchepetse kuuma kwakukulu kwa chitsulo chachitsulo ndi zitsulo zonyamula pambuyo popanga, muyenera kutentha chogwiritsira ntchito kutentha kwa 20-40 ℃ pamwamba pomwe chitsulo chimayamba kupanga austenite, sungani kutentha, kenako muzizizira pang'onopang'ono. Ntchito ikazizira, simenti ya lamellar mu pearlite imasanduka mawonekedwe ozungulira, omwe amachepetsa kuuma kwachitsulo.

③ Kuwotcha kwa Isothermal.
Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa kuuma kwakukulu kwazitsulo zina za aloyi zokhala ndi faifi tambala ndi chromium podula. Childs, zitsulo mofulumira utakhazikika kutentha kwambiri wosakhazikika austenite ndiyeno amachitikira pa kutentha kutentha kwa nthawi yeniyeni. Izi zimapangitsa kuti austenite isinthe kukhala troostite kapena sorbite, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa kuuma.

④ Recrystallization annealing.
Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa kuuma kwa mawaya achitsulo ndi mbale zoonda zomwe zimachitika panthawi yozizira komanso kugudubuza kozizira. Chitsulocho chimatenthedwa ndi kutentha komwe nthawi zambiri kumakhala 50-150 ℃ pansi pomwe chitsulo chimayamba kupanga austenite. Izi zimathandiza kuthetsa zotsatira zowumitsa ntchito ndikufewetsa zitsulo.

⑤ Kujambula zithunzi.
Kuti musinthe chitsulo chokhala ndi simenti yayikulu kukhala chitsulo chonyezimira chokhala ndi pulasitiki wabwino, njirayi imaphatikizapo kutenthetsa kuponyera mpaka 950 ° C, kusunga kutentha uku kwa nthawi inayake, kenako ndikuziziritsa moyenera kuti mugwetse simenti ndi kupanga flocculent graphite.

⑥ Kufalikira kwa annealing.
Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kutulutsa ma alloy castings ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito awo. Njirayi imaphatikizapo kutenthetsa kuponyera ku kutentha kwambiri kotheka popanda kusungunuka, kusunga kutentha kumeneku kwa nthawi yaitali, ndiyeno kuziziritsa pang'onopang'ono. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zili mu aloyi zifalikire ndi kugawidwa mofanana.

⑦ Kuchepetsa kupsinjika maganizo.
Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa kupsinjika kwamkati muzitsulo zachitsulo ndi zigawo zowotcherera. Pazinthu zachitsulo zomwe zimayamba kupanga austenite pambuyo pa kutentha kwa 100-200 ℃ pansipa, ziyenera kutenthedwa ndikuzizizira mumlengalenga kuti zithetse kupsinjika kwamkati.

Ngati mukufuna kudziwa zambiri kapena kufunsa, chonde omasuka kulumikizananiinfo@anebon.com.

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