I. Makina azitsulo
1. Malo otulutsa ( σ S)
Chitsulo kapena chitsanzo chikatambasulidwa, kupanikizika kumaposa malire otanuka, ndipo ngakhale kupanikizika sikukuwonjezeka, chitsulo kapena chitsanzo chidzapitirizabe kusokoneza pulasitiki. Chodabwitsa ichi chimatchedwa zokolola, ndipo zokolola ndizochepa kwambiri pamene zokolola zikuchitika. Ngati Ps ndi mphamvu yakunja pa zokolola s ndi Fo ndi gawo la gawo lachitsanzo, ndiye kuti zokolola σ S = Ps / Fo (MPa).
2. Mphamvu zokolola ( σ 0.2)
Zokolola zazinthu zina zachitsulo sizowoneka bwino, ndipo ndizosavuta kuziyeza. Choncho, kuyeza zokolola katundu wa zipangizo, akuti kupsinjika-kupanga okhazikika yotsalira mapindikidwe pulasitiki ndi ofanana mtengo enieni (nthawi zambiri 0,2% ya kutalika kwapachiyambi), wotchedwa zongochitika zokolola mphamvu kapena zokolola mphamvu. ku 0.2.
3. Kulimba Kwambiri ( σ B)
Kupsyinjika kwakukulu kwa chinthu kumapindula panthawi yachisokonezo kuyambira pachiyambi mpaka nthawi yomwe imasweka. Zimasonyeza mphamvu yachitsulo polimbana ndi kusweka. Zogwirizana ndi mphamvu zowonongeka ndi mphamvu zopondereza, mphamvu zowonongeka, ndi zina zotero. Khazikitsani Pb ngati mphamvu yowonongeka kwambiri isanayambe kuchotsedwa ndi Fo monga gawo la gawo lachitsanzo, ndiye mphamvu yowonongeka σ B = Pb / Fo ( MPa).
4. Kutalikira ( δ S)
Kuchuluka kwa kutalika kwa pulasitiki kwa chinthu pambuyo posweka mpaka kutalika kwachitsanzo choyambirira kumatchedwa elongation kapena elongation.
5. Chiŵerengero cha mphamvu zokolola ( σ S/ σ B)
Chiyerekezo cha mfundo zokolola (mphamvu zokolola) za chitsulo ku mphamvu zamakokedwe zimatchedwa chiŵerengero cha mphamvu zokolola. Kuchuluka kwa chiŵerengero cha zokolola-mphamvu, kumapangitsanso kudalirika kwa zigawo zamagulu. The zokolola-mphamvu chiŵerengero cha ambiri mpweya zitsulo ndi 0.6-0.65, otsika aloyi structural zitsulo ndi 0.65-0.75, ndi aloyi structural zitsulo ndi 0.84-0.86.
6. Kuuma
Kuuma kumawonetsa kukana kwazinthu kuzinthu zovuta kukanikiza pamwamba pake. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri pakugwira ntchito kwazinthu zachitsulo. Apamwamba kuuma ambiri, bwino kuvala kukana. Zizindikiro zowuma zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ndi Brinell hardness, Rockwell hardness, ndi Vickers hardness.
1) Kuuma kwa Brinell (HB)
Mipira yachitsulo yolimba ya kukula kwake kwa 10mm) imakanikizidwa pamwamba pa zinthuzo ndi katundu wina (nthawi zambiri 3000kg) kwa kanthawi. Pambuyo potsitsa, chiŵerengero cha katundu kumalo olowera kumatchedwa Brinell Hardness (HB).
2) Kuuma kwa Rockwell (HR)
Pamene HB>450 kapena chitsanzocho chiri chochepa kwambiri, muyeso wa kuuma kwa Rockwell m'malo mwa Brinell hardness test singagwiritsidwe ntchito. Ndi cone ya diamondi yokhala ndi ngodya yapamwamba ya madigiri 120 kapena mpira wachitsulo wokhala ndi mainchesi 1.59 ndi 3.18 mm, womwe umakanizidwa pamwamba pa zinthuzo pansi pa katundu wina, ndipo kuya kwa indentation kumatsimikizira kuuma kwa zinthuzo. Pali masikelo atatu osiyanasiyana osonyeza kuuma kwa zinthu zoyesedwa:
HRA: Kulimba kopezedwa ndi katundu wa 60 kg ndi chosindikizira cha diamondi-mu zida zolimba monga ma carbides omangidwa.
HRB: Kuuma kopezedwa mwa kuumitsa mpira wachitsulo ndi katundu wa 100kg ndi m'mimba mwake 1.58mm. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zolimba kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, chitsulo chosungunula, chitsulo chosungunuka, etc.).
HRC: Kulimba kumapezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito katundu wa 150 kg ndi chosindikizira cha diamondi cholumikizira zinthu zolimba kwambiri, monga chitsulo cholimba.
3) Vickers Kuuma (HV)
Makina osindikizira a diamondi square cone amasindikiza zinthu pamwamba ndi katundu wosakwana 120 kg ndi ngodya yapamwamba ya madigiri 136. The Vickers hardness value (HV) imatanthauzidwa ndikugawaniza malo ozungulira azinthu potengera mtengo wa katundu.
II. Zitsulo Zakuda ndi Zopanda chitsulo
1. Zitsulo zachitsulo
Iwo refeNonferrouslloy wa chitsulo ndi chitsulo. Monga chitsulo, chitsulo cha nkhumba, ferroalloy, chitsulo chosungunuka, ndi zina zotero. Chitsulo ndi chitsulo cha nkhumba ndi aloyi opangidwa ndi chitsulo ndipo makamaka amawonjezeredwa ndi carbon. Onse pamodzi amatchedwa FERROCARBON alloys.
Chitsulo cha nkhumba chimapangidwa posungunula chitsulo m'ng'anjo yophulika, ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zitsulo ndi kuponya.
Chitsulo cha nkhumba chimasungunuka mu ng'anjo yachitsulo kuti ipeze chitsulo chosungunuka (chitsulo chamadzimadzi chokhala ndi mpweya woposa 2.11%). Ponyani chitsulo chosungunula chamadzimadzi chomwe chimatchedwa chitsulo chosungunuka.
Ferroalloy ndi aloyi wachitsulo ndi zinthu monga silicon, manganese, chromium, ndi titaniyamu. Ferroalloy ndi imodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zitsulo ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati deoxidizer ndi zowonjezera pazinthu za alloy.
Chitsulo chimatchedwa iron-carbon alloy yokhala ndi mpweya wosakwana 2.11%. Chitsulo chimapezeka poyika chitsulo cha nkhumba chopangira zitsulo mu ng'anjo yopangira zitsulo ndikuchisungunula motsatira ndondomeko inayake. Zopangira zitsulo zimaphatikizapo ma ingots, ma billets opitilira, komanso kuponya mwachindunji kwazitsulo zosiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri, chitsulo chimatanthawuza chitsulo chokulungidwa muzitsulo zingapo. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zamakina zotentha komanso zotenthetsera, zokokedwa ndi zitsulo zoziziritsa kukhosi, zida zopangira zida zachitsulo zopanda msoko,CNC Machining magawo,ndikuponya ziwalo.
2. Zitsulo zopanda chitsulo
Zomwe zimatchedwanso zopanda ferrousNonferrousfers ku zitsulo ndi allnonferroushan zitsulo zachitsulo, monga mkuwa, tini, lead, zinki, aluminiyamu ndi mkuwa, mkuwa, aloyi ya aluminiyamu ndi ma alloys okhala. Mwachitsanzo, CNC lathe akhoza pokonza zipangizo zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo 316 ndi 304 zosapanga dzimbiri mbale, mpweya zitsulo, mpweya zitsulo, zotayidwa aloyi, nthaka aloyi zipangizo, aloyi zotayidwa, mkuwa, chitsulo, pulasitiki, akiliriki mbale, POM, UHWM, ndi zina. zida zogwiritsira ntchito. Ikhoza kusinthidwa kukhalaCNC kutembenuza magawo, mphero, ndi magawo ovuta okhala ndi masikweya ndi ma cylindrical. Kuphatikiza apo, chromium, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, cobalt, vanadium, tungsten, ndi titaniyamu amagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'makampani. Zitsulozi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zowonjezera zowonjezera kuti zithandizire zitsulo, momwe tungsten, titaniyamu, molybdenum, ndi ma carbides ena opangidwa ndi simenti amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zodulira. Zitsulo zopanda chitsulo izi zimatchedwa industrnonferrous. Kuphatikiza apo, pali zitsulo zamtengo wapatali monga platinamu, golide, siliva, ndi zitsulo zosowa, kuphatikizapo uranium ndi radium.
III. Gulu la Zitsulo
Kupatula chitsulo ndi kaboni, zinthu zazikulu zachitsulo zimaphatikizapo silicon, manganese, sulfure, r, ndi phosphorous.
Pali njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira zitsulo, ndipo zazikulu ndi izi:
1. Sankhani malinga ndi Ubwino
(1) Chitsulo wamba (P <0.045%, S <0.050%)
(2) Chitsulo chapamwamba (P, S <0.035%)
(3) Chitsulo chapamwamba (P <0.035%, S <0.030%)
2. Gulu ndi mankhwala
(1) Chitsulo cha carbon: a. Chitsulo chochepa cha carbon (C <0,25%); B. Sing'anga carbon zitsulo (C <0.25-0.60%); C. High carbon steel (C <0,60%).
(2) Chitsulo chachitsulo: a. Chitsulo chochepa cha alloy (chiwerengero chonse cha zinthu za alloy <5%); B. Medium aloyi zitsulo (chiwerengero cha zinthu aloyi> 5-10%); C. High alloy zitsulo (total alloy element content > 10%).
3. Gulu popanga njira
(1) Chitsulo chopukutira; (2) Chitsulo choponyera; (3) Chitsulo choyaka moto; (4) Chitsulo chozizira chokoka.
4. Gulu ndi Metallographic Organization
(1) Chikhalidwe chowonjezera: a. Chitsulo cha Hypoeutectoid (ferrite + pearlite); B. Eutectic zitsulo (pearlite); C. Chitsulo cha Hypereutectoid (pearlite + cementite); D. Ledeburite zitsulo (pearlite + cementite).
(2) Normalized boma: A. pearlitic chitsulo; B. Chitsulo cha Bainitic; C. martensitic zitsulo; D. Chitsulo cha Austenitic.
(3) Palibe kusintha kwa gawo kapena kusintha kwa gawo
5. Sankhani mwa Kugwiritsa Ntchito
(1) Chitsulo cha zomangamanga ndi zomangamanga: a. Wamba mpweya structural zitsulo; B. Low aloyi structural zitsulo; C. Chitsulo cholimbitsa.
(2) Chitsulo:
A. Makina achitsulo: (a) zitsulo zokhazikika; (b) Zitsulo zowumitsa pamwamba, kuphatikiza zitsulo zowuma, za ammoniated, ndi zowumitsa pamwamba; (c) Chitsulo chosavuta chodula; (d) Chitsulo chozizira cha pulasitiki, kuphatikizapo chitsulo chozizira ndi chitsulo chozizira.
B. Chitsulo cha masika
C. Kukhala ndi zitsulo
(3) Chitsulo chachitsulo: a. Chitsulo cha carbon; B. Aloyi chida chitsulo; C. Chitsulo chothamanga kwambiri.
(4) Chitsulo chapadera cha ntchito: a. Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chosapanga asidi; B. Chitsulo chosamva kutentha: kuphatikizapo zitsulo zotsutsa-oxidation, zitsulo zamphamvu za kutentha, ndi zitsulo za valve; C. Electrothermal aloyi zitsulo; D. Chitsulo chosamva kuvala; E. Low-kutentha zitsulo; F. Chitsulo chamagetsi.
(5) Professional zitsulo - monga zitsulo mlatho, sitima zitsulo, kukatentha zitsulo, kuthamanga chombo zitsulo, ulimi makina zitsulo, etc.
6. Magulu Athunthu
(1) Chitsulo wamba
A. Chitsulo cha carbon: (a) Q195; (b) Q215 (A, B); (c) Q235 (A, B, C); (d) Q255 (A, B); (e) Q275.
B. Low aloyi structural zitsulo
C. General structural zitsulo zolinga zenizeni
(2)Chitsulo chapamwamba (kuphatikiza chitsulo chapamwamba)
A. Chitsulo cha zomangamanga: (a) Chitsulo chapamwamba cha carbon structural; (b) Aloyi structural chitsulo; (c) zitsulo zachitsulo; (d) Chitsulo chosavuta; (e) Kukhala ndi chitsulo; (f) Chitsulo chapamwamba kwambiri pazifukwa zinazake.
B. Chitsulo chachitsulo: (a) Chitsulo cha carbon; (b) Chitsulo cha aloyi; (c) Chitsulo chothamanga kwambiri.
C. Chitsulo chapadera cha ntchito: (a) chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi asidi; (b) Chitsulo chosamva kutentha; (c) Chitsulo chazitsulo zamagetsi; (d) Chitsulo chamagetsi; (e) Chitsulo chachikulu cha manganese chosamva kuvala.
7. Gulu mwa Njira Yosungunulira
(1) Malinga ndi mtundu wa ng'anjo
A. Chitsulo chosinthira: (a) chitsulo chosinthira asidi; (b) Chitsulo chosinthira zamchere. Kapena (a) Chitsulo chowombera pansi, (b) Chitsulo chosinthira mbali, (c) Chitsulo chowombera pamwamba.
B. Chitsulo cha ng'anjo yamagetsi: (a) Chitsulo cha ng'anjo yamagetsi yamagetsi; (b) Chitsulo cha ng'anjo ya Electroslag; (c) zitsulo zopangira ng'anjo; (d) Vacuum consumable ng'anjo zitsulo; (e) Chitsulo cha ng'anjo ya electron.
(2) Malinga ndi digiri ya deoxidization ndi kutsanulira dongosolo
A. Chitsulo chowira; B. Chitsulo chokhazikika; C. Anapha zitsulo; D. Chitsulo chapadera chophedwa.
IV. Chidule cha Njira Yoyimira Nambala Yachitsulo ku China
Mtundu wamtunduwu umayimiridwa pophatikiza zilembo zaku China, chizindikiro cha mankhwala, ndi nambala yachiarabu. Ndiko kuti:
(1) Zizindikiro zamakemikolo zapadziko lonse lapansi, monga Si, Mn, Cr, ndi zina zotero, zimayimira manambala achitsulo. Zinthu zosakanizika zapadziko lapansi zimayimiridwa ndi RE (kapena Xt).
(2) Dzina la malonda, kugwiritsa ntchito, kusungunula ndi kutsanulira njira, ndi zina zambiri, zimafotokozedwa ndi chidule cha mawu achi China.
(3) Manambala achiarabu amawonetsa zomwe zili muzinthu zotsogola (%) muzitsulo.
Mukamagwiritsa ntchito zilembo zaku China kuyimira dzina lachinthu, kugwiritsa ntchito, mawonekedwe, ndi njira yopangira, chilembo choyamba chimasankhidwa kuchokera ku zilembo zaku China kuyimira dzina lazogulitsa. Pobwereza chilembo chosankhidwa cha chinthu china, chilembo chachiwiri kapena chachitatu chingagwiritsidwe ntchito, kapena zilembo zoyambirira za zilembo ziwiri za Chitchaina zitha kusankhidwa nthawi imodzi.
Pomwe palibe zilembo zaku China kapena zilembo zomwe zilipo pakadali pano, zizindikilo zizikhala zilembo zachingerezi.
Nthawi yotumiza: Dec-12-2022