Momwe Mungasiyanitsire Kuzimitsa, Kutentha, Kutentha, Normalizing, Annealing

Kodi kutentha ndi chiyani?

Kutentha ndi njira yochizira kutentha yomwe zitsulo zozimitsidwa kapena gawo lina zimatenthedwa ndi kutentha kwapadera, kusungidwa kwa nthawi inayake, kenako kuzirala mwa njira inayake. Tempering ndi opareshoni anachita mwamsanga pambuyo quenching ndipo kawirikawiri mbali yomaliza ya kutentha mankhwala workpiece. Njira yophatikizira yozimitsa ndi kutentha imatchedwa chithandizo chomaliza. Cholinga choyambirira cha kuziziritsa ndi kutentha ndi:

1) Kuchepetsa kupsinjika kwamkati ndikuchepetsa brittleness. Ziwalo zozimitsidwa zimakhala ndi kupsinjika kwakukulu komanso brittleness. Iwo amatha kupunduka kapena kusweka ngati sakukwiya pakapita nthawi.

2) Sinthani zida zamakina a workpiece. Pambuyo kuzimitsa, workpiece ndi mkulu kuuma ndi mkulu brittleness. Ikhoza kusinthidwa ndi kutentha, kuuma, mphamvu, pulasitiki, ndi kulimba kuti zigwirizane ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana za ntchito zosiyanasiyana.

3) Khazikitsani kukula kwa workpiece. Mapangidwe a metallographic amatha kukhazikika ndikuwotcha kuonetsetsa kuti palibe kusintha komwe kumachitika pakagwiritsidwa ntchito mtsogolo.

4) Sinthani magwiridwe antchito azitsulo zina za alloy.
Mphamvu ya kutentha ndi:

① Sinthani kukhazikika kwa bungwe kuti kapangidwe kake kasamasinthe pakagwiritsidwe ntchito kuti kukula kwa geometric ndi magwiridwe antchito azikhala okhazikika.

② Chotsani kupsinjika kwamkati kuti muwongolere magwiridwe antchito ndikukhazikitsa kukula kwa geometric kwa chogwiriracho.

③ Sinthani makina achitsulo kuti akwaniritse zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito.

Chifukwa chomwe kutentha kumakhala ndi zotsatirazi ndikuti kutentha kumakwera, ntchito ya atomiki imawonjezeka. Ma atomu achitsulo, kaboni, ndi zinthu zina zophatikizika muzitsulo zimatha kufalikira mwachangu kuti azindikire kukonzanso ndi kuphatikiza tinthu tating'onoting'ono, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yosakhazikika. Gulu losalinganizika pang’onopang’ono linasandulika kukhala gulu lokhazikika, lolinganizika. Kuchotsa kupsinjika kwamkati kumakhudzananso ndi kuchepa kwa mphamvu zachitsulo pamene kutentha kumakwera. Chitsulo chambiri chikatenthedwa, kuuma ndi mphamvu kumachepa, ndipo pulasitiki imawonjezeka. Kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri, ndikofunika kwambiri kusintha kwa makinawa. Zitsulo zina za aloyi zomwe zili ndi zinthu zambiri zophatikizira zimatsitsa tinthu tating'ono tazitsulo tazitsulo tating'onoting'ono tambiri tomwe timatentha, zomwe zimawonjezera mphamvu ndi kuuma. Chodabwitsa ichi chimatchedwa kuuma kwachiwiri.
Zofunikira pakutentha: Zogwirira ntchito zomwe zili ndi zolinga zosiyanasiyana ziyenera kutenthedwa pa kutentha kosiyanasiyana kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito.

① Zida, mayendedwe, zida zolimba komanso zowumitsidwa, ndi zida zowumitsidwa pamwamba nthawi zambiri zimatenthedwa pansi pa 250 ° C. Kuuma kumasintha pang'ono pambuyo pa kutentha kwapansi, kupsinjika kwamkati kumachepetsedwa, ndipo kulimba kumakhala bwino pang'ono.

② Kasupe amatenthedwa pa kutentha kwapakati pa 350 ~ 500 ℃ kuti apeze elasticity ndi kulimba kofunikira.

③ Magawo opangidwa ndi chitsulo chapakati cha carbon structural chitsulo nthawi zambiri amatenthedwa pa kutentha kwa 500 ~ 600 ℃ kuti agwirizane bwino ndi mphamvu zoyenera komanso kulimba.

 

Chitsulo chikatenthedwa pafupifupi 300 ° C, nthawi zambiri chimawonjezera kuphulika kwake. Chodabwitsa ichi chimatchedwa mtundu woyamba wa kupsa mtima. Nthawi zambiri, sikuyenera kutenthedwa ndi kutentha uku. Zitsulo zina zapakatikati za carbon alloy structural steels zimakhalanso zosavuta kukhala zolimba ngati zimakhazikika pang'onopang'ono mpaka kutentha kwapakati pakatentha kwambiri. Chodabwitsa ichi chimatchedwa mtundu wachiwiri wa kupsa mtima. Kuonjezera molybdenum ku chitsulo kapena kuziziritsa mu mafuta kapena madzi panthawi yotentha kungalepheretse mtundu wachiwiri wa kupsa mtima. Mtundu uwu wa brittleness ukhoza kuthetsedwa mwa kutenthetsanso mtundu wachiwiri wa chitsulo chosasunthika ku kutentha koyambirira.

Popanga, nthawi zambiri zimatengera zofunikira za workpiece. Malingana ndi kutentha kosiyanasiyana, kutentha kumagawanika kutsika, kutentha kwapakati, ndi kutentha kwambiri. Njira yochizira kutentha yomwe imaphatikizapo kuzimitsa ndi kutentha kwapamwamba kotsatira kumatchedwa quenching ndi kutentha, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri komanso kulimba kwa pulasitiki.

1. Kutentha kwapang'onopang'ono: 150-250 ° C, M cycle, amachepetsa kupsinjika kwa mkati ndi brittleness, kumapangitsa kuti pulasitiki ikhale yolimba, ndipo imakhala ndi kuuma kwakukulu ndi kuvala kukana. Ndinkapanga zida zoyezera, zida zodulira, zogudubuza, etc.

2. Kutentha kwapakatikati: 350-500 ℃, kuzungulira kwa T, kusungunuka kwapamwamba, mapulasitiki ena, ndi kuuma. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga akasupe, kupanga ma dies, etc.CNC Machining gawo

3. Kutentha kwapamwamba: 500-650 ℃, nthawi ya S, yokhala ndi zida zabwino zamakina. Ndinkapanga magiya, ma crankshafts, etc.

Kodi normalizing ndi chiyani?

Normalizing ndi chithandizo cha kutentha chomwe chimapangitsa kulimba kwachitsulo. Chigawo chachitsulo chikatenthedwa mpaka 30 ~ 50 ° C pamwamba pa kutentha kwa Ac3, chimakhala chofunda komanso chozizira. Chofunikira chachikulu ndichakuti kuzizira kumathamanga kwambiri kuposa kuziziritsa komanso kutsika kuposa kuzimitsa. Panthawi yokhazikika, njere za kristalo zachitsulo zimatha kuyengedwa pozizira pang'ono. Sikuti mphamvu zokhutiritsa zingapezeke, koma kulimba (mtengo wa AKV) ukhozanso kusintha kwambiri ndikuchepetsedwa-chizoloŵezi cha chigawo chophwanyika. -Pambuyo pa normalizing mankhwala ena otsika aloyi otentha adagulung'undisa mbale zitsulo, otsika aloyi zitsulo forgings, ndi castings, lonse mawotchi katundu wa zipangizo akhoza bwino kwambiri, ndipo ntchito kudula nawonso bwino.gawo la aluminiyamu

Normalizing ili ndi zolinga ndi ntchito zotsatirazi:

① Pazitsulo za hypereutectoid, normalizing imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthetsa mawonekedwe otenthedwa kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe a Widmanstatten oponyedwa, opangira, ndi ma welds, ndi kapangidwe ka bandi muzinthu zokulungidwa; yeretsani mbewu; ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chisanadze kutentha mankhwala pamaso kuzimitsa.

② Pazitsulo za hypereutectoid, normalizing imatha kuthetsa simenti yachiwiri yokhazikika ndikuyenga pearlite, kupititsa patsogolo makina ndikuthandizira spheroidizing annealing.

③ Pamapepala achitsulo otsika kaboni ozama kwambiri, kukhazikika kumatha kuthetsa simenti yaulere pamalire ambewu kuti ipititse patsogolo luso lake lojambula.

④ Pazitsulo za carbon low ndi low-carbon low-alloy steel, normalizing imatha kupeza mawonekedwe ambiri a pearlite, kuonjezera kuuma kwa HB140-190, kupewa zochitika za "mpeni womata" panthawi yodula, ndikusintha machinability. Normalizing ndi ndalama zambiri komanso yabwino kwa sing'anga mpweya zitsulo pamene normalizing ndi annealing zilipo.Nkhwangwa zisanu zopangidwa ndi makina

⑤ Kwa zitsulo zapakatikati za carbon structural steels, kumene mawotchi sakhala okwera kwambiri, normalizing angagwiritsidwe ntchito m'malo mozimitsa ndi kutentha kwapamwamba, komwe kumakhala kosavuta kugwira ntchito komanso kukhazikika pakupanga ndi kukula kwachitsulo.

⑥ Kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri (150 ~ 200 ℃ pamwamba pa Ac3) kumatha kuchepetsa kugawanika kwa ma castings ndi forgings chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kufalikira kwa kutentha kwambiri. Pambuyo kukhazikika kwa kutentha kwapamwamba, kukhazikika kwachiwiri kwa kutentha kumatha kuwongolera mbewu zolimba.

⑦ Pazitsulo zina zotsika ndi zapakati za carbon alloy zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'ma turbines ndi ma boilers, normalizing nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti apeze kapangidwe kake. Kenako, pambuyo pa kutentha kwakukulu, imakhala ndi kukana kwabwino kwa kukwawa ikagwiritsidwa ntchito pa 400-550 ℃.

⑧ Kuphatikiza pa zitsulo ndi zitsulo, normalizing imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri pochiza chitsulo cha ductile kuti apeze matrix a pearlite ndikuwongolera mphamvu ya chitsulo cha ductile.

Popeza chikhalidwe cha normalizing ndi kuziziritsa mpweya, kutentha yozungulira, njira stacking, mpweya, ndi workpiece kukula zimakhudza bungwe ndi ntchito pambuyo normalizing. Mapangidwe a normalizing angagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati njira yamagulu azitsulo zazitsulo. Nthawi zambiri, zitsulo za alloy zimagawidwa kukhala zitsulo za pearlite, bainite, martensitic, ndi austenitic kutengera kapangidwe kamene kamapezeka ndi kuziziritsa mpweya pambuyo pa chitsanzo chokhala ndi mainchesi 25 mm kutentha mpaka 900 ° C.

Kodi annealing ndi chiyani?

Annealing ndi njira yopangira kutentha kwachitsulo yomwe imatenthetsa pang'onopang'ono chitsulo ku kutentha kwina, kuisunga kwa nthawi yokwanira, kenako ndikuyizizira pa liwiro loyenera. Chithandizo cha kutentha kwa Annealing chimagawidwa kukhala chosakwanira, g, ndi kuchepetsa nkhawa. Zochita zamakina zamakina a annealed zitha kuyesedwa ndi kuyesa kolimba kapena kuuma. Zitsulo zambiri zimaperekedwa m'malo ochizira kutentha kwa annealed. Woyesa kuuma kwa Rockwell amatha kuyesa kuuma kwachitsulo kuyesa kuuma kwa HRB. Kwa mbale zocheperako zachitsulo, zingwe zachitsulo ndi mapaipi achitsulo okhala ndi mipanda yopyapyala, choyesera cholimba cha Rockwell chapamwamba chingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyesa kuuma kwa HRT. .

Cholinga cha annealing ndi:

① Kupititsa patsogolo kapena kuthetsa zolakwika zamapangidwe ndi zovuta zotsalira zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha chitsulo, kupukuta, kugudubuza, ndi kuwotcherera, ndikupewa kupunduka ndi kusweka kwa chogwirira ntchito.

② Pewani chogwirira ntchito podula.

③ Yenga mbewuzo ndikuwongolera kapangidwe kake kuti muwongolere zida zamakina a workpiece.

④ Konzekerani bungwe kuti muzitha kutentha komaliza (kuzimitsa, kutentha).

Njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi annealing ndi:

① Zoletsedwa kwathunthu. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeretsa mawonekedwe otenthedwa kwambiri okhala ndi zida zosauka zamakina pambuyo poponya, kupanga, g, ndi kuwotcherera sing'anga ndi chitsulo chochepa cha carbon. Kutenthetsa chogwirira ntchito mpaka 30-50 ℃ pamwamba pa kutentha komwe ferrite yonse imasinthidwa kukhala austenite, sungani kwakanthawi, kenako kuziziritsa pang'onopang'ono ndi ng'anjo. Panthawi yozizira, austenite imasinthanso kuti chitsulocho chikhale bwino.

② Kuwotcha kwa spheroidizing. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa kuuma kwakukulu kwa chitsulo chachitsulo ndi zitsulo zobereka pambuyo popanga. Chogwiritsira ntchito chimatenthedwa mpaka 20-40 ° C pamwamba pa kutentha komwe zitsulo zimapanga austenite kenako zimazizira pang'onopang'ono mutagwira kutentha. Panthawi yozizira, simenti ya lamellar mu pearlite imakhala yozungulira, kuchepetsa kuuma.

③ Kutsekera kwa Isothermal. Imachepetsa kuuma kwa zitsulo zina zokhala ndi faifi tambala komanso chromium podula. Nthawi zambiri, umazirala mpaka kutentha kosakhazikika kwa austenite pamlingo wofulumira. Pambuyo pogwira kwa nthawi yoyenera, austenite imasandulika kukhala troostite kapena sorbite, ndipo kuuma kumatha kuchepetsedwa.

④ Recrystallization annealing. Amathetsa kuuma chodabwitsa (kuchuluka kwa kuuma ndi kuchepa kwa pulasitiki) wa waya wachitsulo ndi pepala panthawi yozizira ndikugudubuza. Kutentha kwa kutentha kumakhala 50 mpaka 150 ° C pansi pa kutentha komwe chitsulo chimayamba kupanga austenite. Ndi njira iyi yokha yomwe mphamvu yowumitsa ntchito imatha kuthetsedwa, ndipo zitsulo zimatha kuchepetsedwa.

⑤ Kujambula zithunzi. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chitsulo chosungunuka chokhala ndi simenti yochuluka kukhala chitsulo chosasunthika chokhala ndi pulasitiki wabwino. Ntchitoyi ndikutenthetsa kuponyera pafupifupi 950 ° C, kutenthetsa kwa nthawi inayake, kenako kuziziritsa moyenera kuti kuwola simenti kuti ipange flocculent graphite.

⑥ Kufalikira kwa annealing. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga homogenize kapangidwe ka mankhwala a aloyi castings ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito ake. Njirayi ndikutenthetsa kuponyera ku kutentha kwambiri kotheka popanda kusungunuka kwa nthawi yaitali ndikuzizira pang'onopang'ono pambuyo pa kufalikira kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana mu alloy, zomwe zimagawidwa mofanana.

⑦ Kuchepetsa kupsinjika maganizo. Zimathetsa kupsinjika kwamkati kwazitsulo zachitsulo ndi zigawo zowotcherera. Kwa zinthu zachitsulo, kutentha komwe austenite imayamba kupanga pambuyo potentha ndi 100-200 ℃, ndipo kupsinjika kwamkati kumatha kuthetsedwa ndi kuzizira mumlengalenga mutatha kutentha.