Momwe Mungasiyanitsire Kuzimitsa, Kutentha, Kutentha, Normalizing, Annealing

Kodi kutentha ndi chiyani?

Kutentha ndi njira yochizira kutentha yomwe chitsulo chozimitsidwa kapena gawo lake limatenthedwa ndi kutentha kwina, kusungidwa kwa nthawi inayake, kenako kuzirala mwanjira inayake. Tempering ndi opareshoni kuti ikuchitika mwamsanga pambuyo quenching, ndipo kawirikawiri mbali yomaliza ya kutentha mankhwala workpiece. A ndondomeko, kotero ophatikizana ndondomeko quenching ndi tempering amatchedwa komaliza mankhwala. Cholinga chachikulu cha kuzimitsa ndi kutentha ndi:

1) Kuchepetsa kupsinjika kwamkati ndikuchepetsa brittleness. Ziwalo zozimitsidwa zimakhala ndi kupsinjika kwakukulu komanso brittleness. Ngati sakwiya msanga, amatha kupunduka kapena kusweka.

2) Sinthani zida zamakina a workpiece. Pambuyo kuzimitsa, workpiece ndi mkulu kuuma ndi mkulu brittleness. Pofuna kukwaniritsa zofunikira zosiyanasiyana za ntchito zosiyanasiyana, zikhoza kusinthidwa ndi kutentha, kuuma, mphamvu, pulasitiki ndi kulimba.

3) Khazikitsani kukula kwa workpiece. Mapangidwe a metallographic amatha kukhazikika mwa kutenthetsa kuonetsetsa kuti palibe kusintha komwe kumachitika pakagwiritsidwe ntchito mtsogolo.

4) Sinthani magwiridwe antchito azitsulo zina za alloy.
Mphamvu ya kutentha ndi:

① Kupititsa patsogolo kukhazikika kwa bungwe, kuti mapangidwe a workpiece asasinthe panthawi yogwiritsira ntchito, kuti kukula kwa geometric ndi ntchito ya workpiece ikhale yokhazikika.

② Chotsani kupsinjika kwamkati kuti muwongolere magwiridwe antchito ndikukhazikitsa kukula kwa geometric kwa chogwiriracho.

③ Sinthani makina achitsulo kuti akwaniritse zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito.

Chifukwa chomwe kutentha kumakhala ndi zotsatira izi ndikuti kutentha kumakwera, ntchito ya atomiki imawonjezeka, ndipo maatomu achitsulo, carbon ndi zinthu zina zowonjezera muzitsulo zimatha kufalikira mofulumira kuti azindikire kukonzanso ndi kuphatikiza kwa maatomu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosakhazikika. gulu losalinganizika pang’onopang’ono linasandulika kukhala gulu lokhazikika, lolinganizika. Kuchotsa kupsinjika kwamkati kumakhudzananso ndi kuchepa kwa mphamvu zachitsulo pamene kutentha kumakwera. Chitsulo chambiri chikatenthedwa, kuuma ndi mphamvu kumachepa, ndipo pulasitiki imawonjezeka. Kutentha kwapamwamba kwa kutentha, kumasintha kwakukulu muzinthu zamakinawa. Zitsulo zina za aloyi zokhala ndi zinthu zambiri zophatikizira zimatulutsa tinthu tating'ono tazitsulo tazitsulo tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono ta kutentha komwe kumawonjezera mphamvu ndi kuuma. Chodabwitsa ichi chimatchedwa kuuma kwachiwiri.
Zofunikira pakutentha: Zopangira zokhala ndi zolinga zosiyanasiyana ziyenera kutenthedwa pazitentha zosiyanasiyana kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

① Zida, mayendedwe, zida zolimba komanso zowumitsidwa, ndi zida zowumitsidwa pamtunda nthawi zambiri zimatenthedwa pa kutentha kochepera 250 ° C. Kuuma kumasintha pang'ono pakatha kutentha pang'ono, kupsinjika kwamkati kumachepetsedwa, ndipo kulimba kumakula pang'ono.

② Kasupe amatenthedwa pa kutentha kwapakati pa 350 ~ 500 ℃ kuti apeze elasticity ndi kulimba kofunikira.

③ Magawo opangidwa ndi chitsulo chapakati cha carbon structural chitsulo nthawi zambiri amatenthedwa pa kutentha kwambiri pa 500 ~ 600 ℃ kuti apeze machesi abwino amphamvu komanso kulimba mtima.

Chitsulo chikatenthedwa pafupifupi 300 ° C, nthawi zambiri chimawonjezera kuphulika kwake. Chodabwitsa ichi chimatchedwa mtundu woyamba wa kupsa mtima. Nthawi zambiri, sikuyenera kutenthedwa ndi kutentha uku. Zitsulo zina zapakatikati za carbon alloy structural steels zimakhalanso zosavuta kukhala zolimba ngati zimakhazikika pang'onopang'ono mpaka kutentha kwapakati pakatentha kwambiri. Chodabwitsa ichi chimatchedwa mtundu wachiwiri wa kupsa mtima. Kuwonjezera molybdenum ku chitsulo kapena kuziziritsa mu mafuta kapena madzi panthawi ya kutentha kungalepheretse mtundu wachiwiri wa kupsa mtima. Mtundu uwu wa brittleness ukhoza kuthetsedwa mwa kutenthetsanso mtundu wachiwiri wa chitsulo chosasunthika ku kutentha koyambirira.

Popanga, nthawi zambiri zimatengera zofunikira pakugwira ntchito kwa workpiece. Malingana ndi kutentha kosiyanasiyana, kutentha kumagawidwa kukhala kutentha kwapakati, kutentha kwapakati, ndi kutentha kwakukulu. Njira yochizira kutentha yomwe imaphatikiza kuzimitsa ndi kutentha kotsatira kutentha kumatchedwa quenching ndi kutentha, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri komanso kulimba kwa pulasitiki.

1. Kutentha kwapang'onopang'ono: 150-250 ° C, M cycles, kuchepetsa kupsinjika kwa mkati ndi brittleness, kumapangitsanso kulimba kwa pulasitiki, kukhala ndi kuuma kwakukulu ndi kuvala kukana. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zoyezera, zida zodulira, zopindika, etc.

2. Kutentha kwapakatikati: 350-500 ℃, T kuzungulira, ndi elasticity mkulu, plasticity ena ndi kuuma. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga akasupe, kupanga mafa, etc.CNC Machining gawo

3. Kutentha kwakukulu kwa kutentha: 500-650 ℃, nthawi ya S, yokhala ndi zida zabwino zamakina. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga magiya, crankshafts, etc.
Kodi normalizing ndi chiyani?

Normalizing ndi chithandizo cha kutentha chomwe chimapangitsa kulimba kwachitsulo. Chigawo chachitsulo chikatenthedwa mpaka 30 ~ 50 ° C pamwamba pa kutentha kwa Ac3, chimakhala chofunda kwa nthawi ndithu kenako ndi mpweya wokhazikika. Chofunikira chachikulu ndichakuti kuzizira kumathamanga kwambiri kuposa kuziziritsa komanso kutsika kuposa kuzimitsa. Panthawi yokhazikika, njere za kristalo zachitsulo zimatha kuyengedwa ndikuzizira pang'ono mwachangu. Sikuti mphamvu zokhutiritsa zitha kupezeka, komanso kulimba (mtengo wa AKV) ukhoza kusintha kwambiri ndikuchepetsedwa Chizoloŵezi cha chigawocho kuti chiphwanyike. -Pambuyo pochiza mankhwala azitsulo zazitsulo zotsika-aloyi zotentha, zopangira zitsulo zochepetsetsa ndi zoponyera, makina opangidwa ndi zipangizo amatha kusintha kwambiri, ndipo ntchito yodula imakhalanso bwino.gawo la aluminiyamu

Normalizing ili ndi zolinga ndi ntchito zotsatirazi:

① Pazitsulo za hypoeutectoid, normalizing imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthetsa mawonekedwe otenthedwa kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe a Widmanstatten of cast, forging, weldments, ndi kapangidwe ka bandi muzinthu zopindidwa; yeretsani mbewu; ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chisanadze kutentha mankhwala pamaso kuzimitsa.

② Pazitsulo za hypereutectoid, normalizing imatha kuthetsa simenti yachiwiri yokhazikika ndikuyeretsa pearlite, zomwe sizimangowonjezera makina, komanso zimathandizira kuti spheroidizing annealing.

③ Pamapepala achitsulo otsika kaboni ozama kwambiri, kukhazikika kumatha kuthetsa simenti yaulere pamalire ambewu kuti ipititse patsogolo luso lake lojambula.

④ Kwa zitsulo za carbon low ndi low-carbon low-alloy steel, normalizing imatha kupeza ma flake pearlite, kuwonjezera kuuma kwa HB140-190, kupewa zochitika za "mpeni womata" panthawi yodula, ndikusintha machinability. Kwa sing'anga mpweya zitsulo, ndi ndalama zambiri ndi yabwino ntchito normalizing pamene zonse normalizing ndi annealing zilipo.5 nkhwangwa zopangidwa ndi makina

⑤ Kwa zitsulo zapakatikati za carbon structural, zomwe mawotchi sakhala okwera kwambiri, normalizing angagwiritsidwe ntchito m'malo mozimitsira ndi kutentha kutentha, zomwe sizophweka kugwira ntchito, komanso zokhazikika pamapangidwe ndi kukula kwachitsulo.

⑥ Kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri (150 ~ 200 ℃ pamwamba pa Ac3) kumatha kuchepetsa kugawanika kwa ma castings ndi forgings chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kufalikira kwa kutentha kwambiri. The coarse mbewu pambuyo mkulu kutentha normalization akhoza woyengedwa ndi yachiwiri m'munsi kutentha normalization.

⑦ Pazitsulo zina zotsika ndi zapakati za carbon alloy zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'ma turbines ndi ma boilers, normalizing nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza mawonekedwe a bainite, ndipo pambuyo pa kutentha kwakukulu, imakhala ndi kukana kwabwino kwa 400-550 ℃.

⑧ Kuphatikiza pa zitsulo ndi zitsulo, normalizing imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri pochiza chitsulo cha ductile kuti apeze matrix a pearlite ndikuwongolera mphamvu ya chitsulo cha ductile.

Popeza khalidwe la normalizing ndi kuziziritsa mpweya, kutentha yozungulira, stacking njira, airflow ndi workpiece kukula zimakhudza bungwe ndi ntchito pambuyo normalizing. Mapangidwe a normalizing angagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati njira yamagulu azitsulo zazitsulo. Nthawi zambiri, zitsulo za alloy zimagawidwa kukhala zitsulo za pearlite, chitsulo cha bainite, chitsulo cha martensitic ndi chitsulo cha austenitic kutengera kapangidwe kamene kamapezeka ndi kuzizira kwa mpweya pambuyo pa chitsanzo chokhala ndi mainchesi 25 mm kutentha mpaka 900 ° C.
Kodi annealing ndi chiyani?

Annealing ndi njira yopangira kutentha kwachitsulo yomwe imatenthetsa pang'onopang'ono chitsulo ku kutentha kwina, kuisunga kwa nthawi yokwanira, ndiyeno kuziziritsa pa liwiro loyenera. Chithandizo cha kutentha kwa Annealing chimagawidwa mu annealing wathunthu, annealing osakwanira ndi kuchepetsa nkhawa annealing. Makina amakina azinthu zophatikizika amatha kuyesedwa ndi kuyesa kwamphamvu kapena kuyesa kuuma. Zitsulo zambiri zimaperekedwa mu annealed kutentha kutentha. Kuuma kwachitsulo kumatha kuyesedwa ndi Rockwell hardness tester kuyesa kuuma kwa HRB. Kwa mbale zocheperako zachitsulo, zingwe zachitsulo ndi mapaipi achitsulo okhala ndi mipanda yopyapyala, choyesera cholimba cha Rockwell chapamwamba chingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyesa kuuma kwa HRT. .

Cholinga cha annealing ndi:

① Konzani kapena kuthetsa zolakwika zosiyanasiyana zamapangidwe ndi zovuta zotsalira zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi kuponyedwa kwachitsulo, kupukuta, kugudubuza ndi kuwotcherera, ndikupewa kupindika ndi kusweka kwa chogwirira ntchito.

② Pewani chogwirira ntchito podula.

③ Yenga mbewuzo ndikuwongolera kapangidwe kake kuti muwongolere zida zamakina a workpiece.

④ Konzekerani bungwe kuti muzitha kutentha komaliza (kuzimitsa, kutentha).
Njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi annealing ndi:

① Zoletsedwa kwathunthu. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeretsa mawonekedwe otenthedwa kwambiri okhala ndi zida zosauka zamakina pambuyo poponyera, kupanga ndi kuwotcherera kwachitsulo chapakati ndi chochepa cha carbon. Kutenthetsa chogwirira ntchito mpaka 30-50 ℃ pamwamba pa kutentha komwe ferrite yonse imasinthidwa kukhala austenite, isungeni kwakanthawi, kenako kuziziritsa pang'onopang'ono ndi ng'anjo. Panthawi yozizira, austenite amasinthanso kuti apange chitsulo chabwino. .

② Kuwotcha kwa spheroidizing. Ntchito kuchepetsa mkulu kuuma chida zitsulo ndi kubala zitsulo pambuyo forging. Chogwiritsira ntchito chimatenthedwa mpaka 20-40 ° C pamwamba pa kutentha komwe chitsulo chimayamba kupanga austenite, kenako chimakhazikika pang'onopang'ono mutatha kutentha. Panthawi yozizira, simenti ya lamellar mu pearlite imakhala yozungulira, motero kuchepetsa kuuma.

③ Kuwotcha kwa Isothermal. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochepetsa kuuma kwakukulu kwazitsulo zina za alloy zokhala ndi faifi tambala komanso chromium podula. Nthawi zambiri, amayamba utakhazikika ku kutentha kosakhazikika kwa austenite pamlingo wofulumira, ndipo atatha kugwira kwa nthawi yoyenera, austenite imasandulika kukhala troostite kapena sorbite, ndipo kuuma kumatha kuchepetsedwa.

④ Recrystallization annealing. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti athetse vuto lowumitsa (kuwonjezeka kwa kuuma ndi kuchepa kwa pulasitiki) wa waya wachitsulo ndi pepala panthawi yozizira komanso kupukuta kuzizira. Kutentha kwa kutentha kumakhala 50 mpaka 150 ° C pansi pa kutentha komwe chitsulo chimayamba kupanga austenite. Ndi njira iyi yokha yomwe ntchito yowumitsa ntchito imatha kuthetsedwa ndipo zitsulo zimatha kuchepetsedwa.

⑤ Kujambula zithunzi. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chitsulo chosungunuka chokhala ndi simenti yochuluka kukhala chitsulo chosasunthika chokhala ndi pulasitiki wabwino. Ntchitoyi ndikutenthetsa kuponyera pafupifupi 950 ° C, kutenthetsa kwa nthawi inayake kenako ndikuziziritsa moyenera kuti iwononge simenti kuti ipange flocculent graphite.

⑥ Kufalikira kwa annealing. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga homogenize kapangidwe ka mankhwala a aloyi castings ndi kusintha ntchito yake. Njira ndi kutenthetsa kuponyera kwa kutentha kwambiri kotheka popanda kusungunuka, ndi kusunga kwa nthawi yaitali, ndiyeno pang'onopang'ono kuziziritsa pambuyo kufalikira kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana mu aloyi amakonda kugawidwa mofanana.

⑦ Kuchepetsa kupsinjika maganizo. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti athetse kupsinjika kwamkati kwazitsulo zachitsulo ndi zowotcherera. Kwa zinthu zachitsulo, kutentha komwe austenite imayamba kupanga pambuyo potentha ndi 100-200 ℃, ndipo kupsinjika kwamkati kumatha kuthetsedwa ndi kuzizira mumlengalenga mutatha kutentha.