Pali mitundu yambiri ndi mafotokozedwe a zida zamakina a CNC, komanso njira zogawiranso ndizosiyana. Nthawi zambiri, amatha kugawidwa molingana ndi mfundo zinayi zotsatirazi kutengera ntchito ndi kapangidwe kake.
1. Gulu ndi njira yoyendetsera makina opangira zida
⑴ Kuwongolera kwa zida zamakina a CNC kumangofunika kuyika kolondola kwa mbali zosuntha za chida cha makina kuchokera kumalo ena kupita kwina. Zofunikira pamayendedwe oyenda pakati pa mfundo sizolimba. Palibe kukonza komwe kumachitika panthawi yosuntha, ndipo kuyenda pakati pa ma axx ogwirizanitsa sikukugwirizana. Pofuna kukwaniritsa malo ofulumira komanso olondola, kusuntha kwapakati pakati pa mfundo ziwiri nthawi zambiri kumayenda mofulumira poyamba ndiyeno kumayandikira malo oikirapo pang'onopang'ono kuti muwonetsetse kuti malo ali olondola. Monga momwe tawonetsera m'chithunzichi, ndi njira yoyendetsera mfundo.
Zida zamakina zokhala ndi ntchito zowongolera mfundo zimaphatikizanso makina obowola a CNC, makina opangira mphero a CNC, makina okhomerera a CNC, ndi zina. Ndi chitukuko chaukadaulo wa CNC ndikuchepetsa mitengo yadongosolo la CNC, machitidwe a CNC omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pongoyang'anira mfundo ndi osowa.
⑵ Liniya kuwongolera CNC zida zamakina zida za makina a CNC zimatchedwanso zida zamakina a CNC. Makhalidwe awo ndikuti kuwonjezera pa malo olondola pakati pa malo olamulira, amawongoleranso liwiro losuntha ndi njira (trajectory) pakati pa mfundo ziwiri zogwirizana. Komabe, njira yawo yoyenda imangofanana ndi chida cholumikizira cholumikizira; ndiko kuti, pali njira imodzi yokha yolumikizira yomwe imayendetsedwa nthawi imodzi (ndiko kuti, palibe chifukwa chowerengera mawerengedwe amtundu wa CNC). Panthawi yosamuka, chidachi chimatha kudula pa liwiro lodziwika bwino la chakudya ndipo nthawi zambiri chimatha kukonza magawo amakona anayi komanso owoneka ngati masitepe. Zida zamakina zokhala ndi ntchito zowongolera zimaphatikizanso ma lathes osavuta a CNC, makina a mphero a CNC, opukusira a CNC, ndi zina zambiri. Dongosolo la CNC la chida ichi chimatchedwanso dongosolo lowongolera la CNC. Mofananamo, zida zamakina a CNC zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira mizere ndizosowa.
⑶ Zipangizo zamakina a CNC zowongolera ma contour
Zida zamakina a Contour CNC zimatchedwanso kuwongolera mosalekeza zida zamakina a CNC. Makhalidwe awo owongolera ndikuti amatha kuwongolera nthawi imodzi kusuntha ndi liwiro la zowongolera ziwiri kapena zingapo. Kuti mukwaniritse zofunikira zomwe chiwongolero choyenda cha chida chomwe chili pagawo la workpiece chimakumana ndi kontrakitala yopangira ntchito, kuwongolera kwakusamuka ndi kuwongolera liwiro la kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake kamayenera kulumikizidwa molondola molingana ndi ubale womwe waperekedwa. Choncho, mu ulamuliro wamtunduwu, chipangizo cha CNC chiyenera kukhala ndi ntchito yomasulira. Zomwe zimatchedwa kutanthauzira ndikufotokozera mawonekedwe a mzere wowongoka kapena arc kupyolera mu masamu a wogwiritsa ntchito interpolation mu dongosolo la CNC molingana ndi ndondomeko yoyambira ya pulogalamuyo (monga mapeto a mzere wowongoka, mapeto. ma coordinates a arc ndi center coordinates kapena radius). Ndiko kuwerengera, ma pulses amagawidwa kwa wowongolera aliyense wolumikizana molingana ndi zotsatira zowerengera kuti athe kuwongolera kusamuka kwamalumikizidwe a nsonga iliyonse kuti igwirizane ndi mizere yofunikira. Pakusuntha, chidacho chimadula pamwamba pa chogwiriracho, ndipo mizere yowongoka, ma arcs, ndi ma curve amatha kukonzedwa. Njira yoyendetsera makina a contour control. Mtundu uwu wa makina chida makamaka zikuphatikizapoZithunzi za CNC, CNC makina mphero, CNC waya kudula makina, malo Machining, etc., ndi lolingana CNC chipangizo amatchedwa contour control. Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa ma ax omwe amalumikizana nawo, dongosolo la CNC litha kugawidwa m'njira zotsatirazi:
① Kulumikizana kwa ma axis awiri: kumagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pa CNC lathes pokonza malo ozungulira kapenaKusintha kwa CNCmakina opangira masilinda opindika.
② Kulumikizana kwa ma axis awiri: kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyang'anira zida zamakina zokhala ndi nkhwangwa zopitilira zitatu, momwe nkhwangwa ziwiri zimatha kulumikizidwa, ndipo olamulira ena amatha kudyetsedwa nthawi ndi nthawi.
③ Kulumikizana kwa olamulira atatu: Nthawi zambiri kugawidwa m'magulu awiri, limodzi ndi kulumikizana kwa nkhwangwa zitatu zofananira X/Y/Z, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu makina a CNC mphero, malo opangira makina, ndi zina zambiri. Zina ndikuti kuwonjezera pa nthawi imodzi. imayang'anira mizere iwiri mu X/Y/Z, imayang'aniranso mizere yozungulira yozungulira yozungulira imodzi mwamizeremizere. nkhwangwa. Mwachitsanzo, m'malo osinthira makina, kuwonjezera pa kulumikizana kwa utali (Z-axis) ndi mizere yolumikizira (X-axis) yolumikizira mizere, iyeneranso nthawi imodzi kuwongolera kulumikizana kwa spindle (C-axis) yozungulira. kuzungulira Z-axis.
④ Kulumikizana kwa ma axis anayi: Nthawi yomweyo wongolerani kulumikizana kwa mizere itatu yolumikizira mizere X/Y/Z ndi ma axis ozungulira.
⑤ Kulumikizana kwa ma axis asanu: Kuphatikiza pakuwongolera nthawi imodzi kulumikizana kwa mizere itatu yolumikizira nkhwangwa X/Y/Z. Imawongoleranso nthawi imodzi ma nkhwangwa awiri, A, B, ndi C, omwe amazungulira ma axis olumikizana awa, kupanga kuwongolera munthawi imodzi ya kulumikizana kwa ma axis asanu. Panthawiyi, chidacho chikhoza kukhazikitsidwa kumbali iliyonse mumlengalenga. Mwachitsanzo, chida chimawongoleredwa kuti chizungulire mozungulira x-axis ndi y-axis nthawi yomweyo kuti chidacho nthawi zonse chikhale ndi njira yabwinobwino ndi mawonekedwe a contour akukonzedwa pamalo ake odulidwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti kukonzedwa pamwamba bwino processing ake olondola ndi processing Mwachangu ndi kuchepetsa roughness wa kukonzedwa pamwamba.
2. Gulu ndi njira yoyendetsera servo
⑴ The feed servo drive ya open-lup control CNC makina zida ndizotsegula; ndiko kuti, palibe chipangizo chofotokozera. Nthawi zambiri, galimoto yake yoyendetsa ndi stepper motor. Chofunikira chachikulu cha mota ya stepper ndikuti mota imazungulira pang'onopang'ono nthawi iliyonse pomwe gawo lowongolera likusintha chizindikiro cha pulse, ndipo injiniyo imakhala ndi kuthekera kodzitsekera. Kutulutsa kwa chizindikiro cha chakudya ndi dongosolo la CNC kumawongolera mayendedwe oyendetsa kudzera pa pulse distributor. Imawongolera kusamutsidwa kwadongosolo mwa kusintha kuchuluka kwa ma pulses, kuwongolera kuthamanga kwapang'onopang'ono posintha ma frequency a pulses, ndikuwongolera njira yakusamukako posintha kugawa kwa ma pulses. Chifukwa chake, mbali zazikulu za njira yowongolera iyi ndikuwongolera kosavuta, kapangidwe kosavuta, komanso mtengo wotsika. Kuthamanga kwa chizindikiro cha lamulo loperekedwa ndi CNC dongosolo ndi unidirectional, kotero palibe vuto bata dongosolo ulamuliro. Komabe, chifukwa kulakwitsa kwa makina opatsirana sikukonzedwa ndi ndemanga, kulondola kwa kusamuka sikuli kwakukulu. Zida zamakina zoyambirira za CNC zonse zidatengera njira yowongolera iyi, koma kulephera kwake kunali kwakukulu. Pakalipano, chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kayendedwe ka galimoto, imagwiritsidwabe ntchito kwambiri. Makamaka m'dziko langa, machitidwe azachuma a CNC ndi kusintha kwa CNC kwa zida zakale nthawi zambiri amatengera njira yolamulira iyi. Kuonjezera apo, njira yolamulira iyi ikhoza kukhazikitsidwa ndi microcomputer imodzi-chip kapena kompyuta imodzi yokha ngati chipangizo cha CNC, chomwe chimachepetsa mtengo wa dongosolo lonse.
⑵ Zipangizo zamakina otsekera otsekeka Magalimoto a servo amtundu uwu wa chida cha makina a CNC amagwira ntchito motsekereza mayankho. Galimoto yake yoyendetsa imatha kugwiritsa ntchito ma DC kapena AC servo motors ndipo imayenera kukhazikitsidwa ndi ndemanga zamalo komanso mayankho othamanga. Kusamuka kwenikweni kwa magawo osuntha kumadziwika nthawi iliyonse pakukonza, ndipo kumabwezeretsedwanso kwa wofananira mu dongosolo la CNC mu nthawi. Imafananizidwa ndi chizindikiro cholamula chomwe chimapezedwa ndi kutanthauzira, ndipo kusiyana kwake kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chizindikiro chowongolera cha servo drive, chomwe chimayendetsa gawo losamutsidwa kuti lithetse vuto la kusamuka. Malinga ndi malo oyikapo gawo lodziwikirapo mayankho ndi chipangizo choyankhira chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito, chimagawidwa m'njira ziwiri zowongolera: loop yotsekedwa kwathunthu ndi loop yotsekedwa.
① Kuwongolera kotsekeka kwathunthu Monga momwe chiwonetserochi chikusonyezera, chida choyankhira malo chimagwiritsa ntchito chinthu chodziwikiratu cholumikizira (chomwe nthawi zambiri chimakhala chowongolera) chomwe chimayikidwa pa chishalo cha chida cha makina, ndiko kuti, kuzindikira mwachindunji kusamuka kwa mzere wa chida cha makina. kugwirizana. Cholakwika chotumizira pamakina onse otengera makina kuchokera ku mota kupita ku chishalo cha zida zamakina chimatha kuthetsedwa kudzera mu ndemanga, potero kupeza kulondola kwabwino kwa chida cha makina. Komabe, popeza mikangano, kulimba, ndi chilolezo cha maulalo ambiri otumizirana makina mu chipika chonse chowongolera ndizopanda mzere, nthawi yoyankha yosunthika yamaketani onse otengera makina ndi yayikulu kwambiri poyerekeza ndi nthawi yoyankhira magetsi. Izi zimabweretsa zovuta zazikulu pakuwongolera kukhazikika kwa dongosolo lonse lotsekeka, ndipo mapangidwe ndi kusintha kwa dongosololi ndizovuta kwambiri. Choncho, izi zonse chatsekedwa- kuzungulira kulamulira njira zimagwiritsa ntchito CNC kugwirizanitsa makina ndiCNC molondolagrinders ndi zofunika mkulu mwatsatanetsatane.
② Semi-closed-loop control Monga momwe chiwonetserochi chikusonyezera, mayankho ake amagwiritsira ntchito chinthu chodziwira ngodya (makamaka ma encoder, ndi zina zotero), chomwe chimayikidwa mwachindunji pa servo motor kapena mapeto a screw. Popeza kuti maulalo ambiri otumizira mawotchi samaphatikizidwa muzotsekeka zotsekeka za dongosolo, zimatchedwa kupeza mawonekedwe owongolera okhazikika. Zolakwika zamakina monga zomangira zotsogola sizingawongoleredwe nthawi iliyonse kudzera mu ndemanga, koma njira zolipirira mapulogalamu nthawi zonse zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuwongolera kulondola kwawo. Pakalipano, zida zambiri zamakina a CNC zimagwiritsa ntchito njira zowongolera zozungulira
⑶ Zida zamakina a Hybrid CNC zimatengera mawonekedwe a njira zomwe zili pamwambazi kuti apange chiwembu chowongolera chosakanizidwa. Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, popeza njira yotsegulira-loop ili ndi kukhazikika bwino, mtengo wotsika, kulondola kosakwanira, komanso kukhazikika kotseka kwathunthu ndi koyipa, kuti athe kulipirana wina ndi mnzake ndikukwaniritsa zofunikira zowongolera zida zina zamakina, wosakanizidwa. Njira yoyendetsera iyenera kutsatiridwa. Njira ziwiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mtundu wa chiwongola dzanja chotseguka komanso mtundu wamalipiro otsekeka.
3. Kugawikana ndi mlingo wogwira ntchito wa dongosolo la CNC
Malinga ndi magwiridwe antchito a dongosolo la CNC, dongosolo la CNC nthawi zambiri limagawidwa m'magulu atatu: otsika, apakati, ndi apamwamba. Njira yogawayi ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'dziko lathu. Malire a magawo atatu otsika, apakati, ndi apamwamba ndi ocheperako, ndipo miyezo yamagulu idzakhala yosiyana nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Tikayang'ana pa msinkhu wamakono wa chitukuko, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya machitidwe a CNC akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu atatu: otsika, apakati, ndi apamwamba, malinga ndi ntchito zina ndi zizindikiro. Mwa iwo, sing'anga ndi apamwamba-mapeto ambiri amatchedwa zonse ntchito CNC kapena muyezo CNC.
⑴ Kudula zitsulo kumatanthawuza zida zamakina a CNC omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zodulira monga kutembenuza, mphero, mphamvu, kukonzanso, kubowola, kugaya, ndi planing. Ikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri otsatirawa.
① Zida zamakina wamba CNC, monga CNC lathes, CNC mphero makina, CNC grinders, etc.
② Chigawo chachikulu cha Machining Center ndi laibulale yazida yokhala ndi zida zosinthira; workpiece ndi clamped kamodzi. Pambuyo clamping, zida zosiyanasiyana basi m'malo, ndi njira zosiyanasiyana monga mphero (kutembenuka), reaming, kubowola, ndi kugogoda mosalekeza ikuchitika pa chida makina pa lililonse processing pamwamba pa workpiece, monga (kumanga / mphero) Machining malo. , malo okhotera, malo obowolera, ndi zina zotero.
⑵ Kupanga zitsulo kumatanthawuza zida zamakina a CNC omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira monga kutulutsa, kukhomerera, kukanikiza, ndi kujambula. Ambiri ntchito monga CNC osindikizira, CNC kupinda makina, CNC chitoliro kupinda makina, CNC kupota makina, etc.
⑶ Kukonzekera kwapadera kumaphatikizapo CNC waya EDM, CNC EDM kupanga makina, CNC kudula lawi makina, CNC laser processing makina, etc.
⑷ Zoyezera ndi zojambula zimaphatikizanso makina oyezera atatu, makina opangira zida za CNC, ma CNC plotters, etc.
Nthawi yotumiza: Dec-05-2024