1. Ho tima
1. Ho tima ke eng?
Ho tima ke mokhoa oa ho phekola mocheso o sebelisetsoang tšepe. Ts'ebetsong ena, tšepe e futhumetse mocheso ho feta mocheso o boima oa Ac3 (bakeng sa tšepe ea hypereutectoid) kapa Ac1 (bakeng sa tšepe ea hypereutectoid). Ebe e bolokoa mochesong ona ka nako e itseng ho tiisa tšepe ka botlalo kapa ka mokhoa o sa fellang, ebe e pholile ka potlako ho ea ka tlase ho Mme (kapa e ts'oaroa ka isothermally haufi le Mme) ka sekhahla sa pholiso se phahameng ho feta sekhahla sa ho pholisa se bohlokoa ho se fetola martensite ( kapa bainite). Ho tima ho boetse ho sebelisoa bakeng sa kalafo e tiileng ea tharollo le ho pholile ka potlako ha lisebelisoa tse kang li-alloys tsa aluminium, li-alloys tsa koporo, li-alloys tsa titanium le likhalase tse futhumetseng.
2. Sepheo sa ho tima:
1) Ntlafatsa thepa ea mochini ea lihlahisoa tsa tšepe kapa likarolo. Ka mohlala, e ntlafatsa ho tiea le ho roala ho hanyetsa ha lisebelisoa, li-bearings, joalo-joalo, e eketsa moeli o tsitsitseng oa liliba, e ntlafatsa thepa ea mochine oa likarolo tsa shaft, joalo-joalo.
2) Ho ntlafatsa thepa kapa lik'hemik'hale tsa mefuta e itseng ea tšepe, joalo ka ho ntlafatsa ho hanyetsa ha kutu ea tšepe e sa hloekang kapa ho eketsa matla a khoheli a sa feleng a tšepe ea makenete, ho bohlokoa ho khetha ka hloko mecha ea phatlalatso ea ho tima le ho sebelisa mokhoa o nepahetseng oa ho tima nakong ea ho tima le ho pholisa. Mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea ho tima e kenyelletsa ho tima metsi a le mong, ho tima metsi a mabeli, ho tima ka mekhahlelo, ho tima ka isothermal le ho tima sebakeng seo. Mokhoa o mong le o mong o na le ts'ebeliso le melemo ea ona e ikhethileng.
3. Ka mor'a ho tima, lisebelisoa tsa tšepe li bontša litšobotsi tse latelang:
- Mehaho e sa tsitsang joalo ka martensite, bainite, le masala a austenite a teng.
- Ho na le khatello e phahameng ea ka hare.
- Thepa ea mochini ha e fihlelle litlhoko. Ka lebaka leo, lisebelisuoa tsa tšepe hangata li na le mocheso ka mor'a ho tima.
2. Ho halefisa
1. Ho halefisa ke eng?
Tempering ke mokhoa oa ho phekola mocheso o kenyelletsang ho futhumatsa lisebelisoa tsa tšepe tse tingoeng kapa likarolo ho mocheso o itseng, ho boloka mocheso ka nako e itseng, ebe o li pholisa ka mokhoa o itseng. Tempering e etsoa hang ka mor'a ho tima 'me hangata ke mohato oa ho qetela oa phekolo ea mocheso oa workpiece. Mokhoa o kopantsoeng oa ho tima le ho futhumatsa o bitsoa phekolo ea ho qetela.
2. Sepheo se seholo sa ho tima le ho futhumatsa ke:
- Ho kokobetsa ho bohlokoa ho fokotsa khatello ea kelello le brittleness likarolong tse tingoeng. Haeba e sa halefisoe ka nako e nepahetseng, likarolo tsena li ka 'na tsa senyeha kapa tsa phunyeha ka lebaka la khatello ea kelello e phahameng le brittleness e bakoang ke ho tima.
- Ho futhumatsa ho ka boela ha sebelisoa ho lokisa thepa ea mochini oa mosebetsi, joalo ka ho thatafala, matla, polasetiki le ho tiea, ho fihlela litlhoko tse fapaneng tsa ts'ebetso.
- Ho phaella moo, ho futhumatsa ho thusa ho tsitsisa boholo ba mosebetsi ka ho etsa bonnete ba hore ha ho na deformation e hlahang nakong ea ts'ebeliso e latelang, kaha e tsitsisa sebopeho sa metallographic.
- Ho futhumatsa ho ka boela ha ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea ho itšeha ea litšepe tse itseng tsa alloy.
3. Karolo ea ho futhumatsa ke:
E le ho etsa bonnete ba hore workpiece e lula e tsitsitse 'me ha e na phetoho ea sebopeho nakong ea tšebeliso, ke habohlokoa ho ntlafatsa botsitso ba sebopeho. Sena se kenyelletsa ho felisa khatello ea kelello ea ka hare, e leng eona e thusang ho tsitsisa litekanyo tsa geometri le ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea mosebetsi. Ho feta moo, ho futhumatsa ho ka thusa ho lokisa lisebelisoa tsa tšepe ho fihlela litlhoko tse khethehileng tsa tšebeliso.
Ho futhumatsa ho na le liphello tsena hobane ha mocheso o phahama, tšebetso ea athomo ea ntlafala, e leng ho lumellang liathomo tsa tšepe, k'habone le metsoako e meng ea alloy tse tšepeng hore li hasane ka potlako. Sena se nolofalletsa ho hlophisoa bocha ha liathomo, ho fetola sebopeho se sa tsitsang, se sa tsitsang ho ba sebopeho se tsitsitseng, se leka-lekaneng.
Ha tšepe e halefile, ho thatafala le matla a fokotseha ha polasetiki e ntse e eketseha. Boemo ba liphetoho tsena mekhoeng ea mochine bo itšetlehile ka mocheso o futhumetseng, ka mocheso o phahameng o lebisang liphetohong tse kholo. Litšeng tse ling tsa alloy tse nang le lintho tse ngata tse kopantsoeng, ho futhumatsa mocheso o itseng ho ka lebisa ho pula ea metsoako e metle ea tšepe. Sena se eketsa matla le ho thatafala, ntho e tsejoang e le ho thatafala ha bobeli.
Litlhoko tsa ho futhumatsa: tse fapanenglikarolo tse entsoeng ka mochinihloka mocheso ka mocheso o fapaneng ho fihlela litlhoko tse khethehileng tsa tšebeliso. Mona ke lithempereichara tse khothalelitsoeng bakeng sa mefuta e fapaneng ea li-workpieces:
1. Lisebelisoa tsa ho itšeha, li-bearings, likarolo tsa carburized le tse tingoeng, le likarolo tse timang holim'a metsi hangata li futhumala ka mocheso o tlase ho 250 ° C. Ts'ebetso ena e etsa hore ho be le phetoho e fokolang ea ho thatafala, ho fokotsa khatello ea kelello ea ka hare, le ntlafatso e fokolang ea boima.
2. Liliba li halefa ka mocheso o mahareng ho tloha 350-500 ° C ho fihlela elasticity e phahameng le ho tiea ho hlokahalang.
3. Likarolo tse entsoeng ka tšepe ea sebopeho sa k'habone hangata li halefa ka mocheso o phahameng oa 500-600 ° C ho fumana motsoako o nepahetseng oa matla le ho tiea.
Ha tšepe e halefile hoo e ka bang 300 ° C, e ka fetoha e brittle haholoanyane, e leng ntho e tsejoang ka hore ke mofuta oa pele oa ho halefa. Ka kakaretso, ho futhumatsa ha hoa lokela ho etsoa sebakeng sena sa mocheso. Litšepe tse ling tsa motsoako oa carbon alloy structural li boetse li na le tšekamelo ea ho ba brittleness haeba li pholile butle-butle ho mocheso oa kamore ka mor'a mocheso o phahameng oa mocheso, o tsejoang e le mofuta oa bobeli oa bohale ba bohale. Ho eketsa molybdenum ho tšepe kapa ho pholile ka oli kapa metsi nakong ea ho futhumatsa ho ka thibela mofuta oa bobeli oa ho halefa. Ho futhumatsa mofuta oa bobeli oa tšepe ea brittle ho mocheso oa pele oa mocheso ho ka felisa brittleness ena.
Ka tlhahiso, khetho ea mocheso oa mocheso o itšetlehile ka litlhoko tsa ts'ebetso ea workpiece. Mocheso o arotsoe ho latela lithempereichara tse fapaneng ho ea ho mocheso o tlase, mocheso o mahareng, le mocheso o phahameng. Mokhoa oa ho phekola mocheso o kenyelletsang ho tima ho lateloa ke mocheso o phahameng oa mocheso o bitsoa ho futhumatsa, ho fella ka matla a phahameng, polasetiki e ntle le ho tiea.
Mocheso o tlase oa mocheso: 150-250 ° C, M mocheso. Ts'ebetso ena e fokotsa khatello ea maikutlo le brittleness ka hare, e ntlafatsa polasetiki le ho tiea, 'me e fella ka boima bo phahameng le ho hanyetsa ho apara. Hangata e sebelisoa ho etsa lisebelisoa tsa ho lekanya, lisebelisoa tsa ho itšeha, li-bearings, joalo-joalo.
Mocheso o mahareng: 350-500 ° C, mocheso oa mocheso. Mokhoa ona oa ho tsitsa o fella ka elasticity e phahameng, polasetiki e itseng le ho thatafala. Hangata e sebelisoa ho etsa liliba, li-diesel, joalo-joalo.
Mocheso o phahameng oa mocheso: 500-650 ° C, S tempering. Ts'ebetso ena e etsa hore ho be le lisebelisoa tse ntle tsa mochini mme hangata e sebelisoa ho etsa likere, li-crankshaft, joalo-joalo.
3. Ho tloaeleha
1. Ho tloaeleha ke eng?
Themokhoa oa cncea normalizing ke phekolo ea mocheso e sebelisetsoang ho matlafatsa ho tiea ha tšepe. Karolo ea tšepe e futhumatsoa ho mocheso o pakeng tsa 30 ho isa ho 50 ° C ho feta mocheso oa Ac3, o tšoaretsoeng mocheso oo ka nako e itseng, ebe moea o pholile ka ntle ho sebōpi. Ho tloaeleha ho kenyelletsa ho pholisa ka potlako ho feta ho pholisa empa ho lieha ho feta ho tima. Ts'ebetso ena e fella ka lijo-thollo tse hloekisitsoeng tsa kristale ka tšepe, ho ntlafatsa matla, ho tiea (joalokaha ho bontšoa ke boleng ba AKV), le ho fokotsa tšekamelo ea karolo ea ho senya. Ho tloaeleha ho ka ntlafatsa haholo lisebelisoa tse felletseng tsa lipoleiti tsa tšepe tse kolobisitsoeng ka alloy tse tlase, litšepe tse tlase tsa alloy, le li-castings, hammoho le ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea ho seha.
2. Ho tloaeleha ho na le merero le litšebeliso tse latelang:
1. Litšepe tsa Hypereutectoid: Normalizing e sebelisetsoa ho felisa li-coarse-grained tse feteletseng le Widmanstatten mehaho ea li-castings, forgings, le weldments, hammoho le mehaho e kopantsoeng ka thepa e phuthoang. E hloekisa lijo-thollo 'me e ka sebelisoa e le phekolo ea pele ho mocheso pele e tima.
2. Hypereutectoid steel: Ho tloaeleha ho ka felisa cementite ea bobeli ea marang-rang le ho hloekisa pearlite, ho ntlafatsa thepa ea mechine le ho nolofatsa mokhoa o latelang oa spheroidizing annealing.
3. Lipoleiti tsa tšepe tse tšesaane tse nang le k'habone e tlase, tse huloang ka botebo bo tebileng: Ho tloaeleha ho ka felisa samente ea mahala moeling oa lijo-thollo, ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso e tebileng ea ho taka.
4. Tšepe e tlaase ea carbon le carbon low-alloy steel: Ho tloaeleha ho ka fumana mekhoa e metle, e fokolang ea pearlite, ho eketsa boima ho HB140-190, ho qoba ts'ebetso ea "thipa e khomarelang" nakong ea ho itšeha, le ho ntlafatsa machinability. Maemong ao ho 'ona ho ka sebelisoang ho tloaeleha le ho koala tšepe bakeng sa tšepe e bohareng ea carbon, ho tloaeleha ho na le chelete e ngata ebile ho bonolo.
5. Litšepe tse tloaelehileng tsa carbon-carbon structural: Normalizing e ka sebelisoa ho e-na le ho tima le mocheso o phahameng oa mocheso ha thepa e phahameng ea mochine e sa hlokehe, ho etsa hore ts'ebetso e be bonolo le ho etsa bonnete ba hore sebopeho sa tšepe le boholo bo tsitsitseng.
6. Boemo bo phahameng ba mocheso (150-200 ° C ka holimo ho Ac3): Ho fokotsa karohano ea likarolo tsa li-castings le forgings ka lebaka la tekanyo e phahameng ea ho hasana ha mocheso o phahameng. Lijo-thollo tse mahoashe li ka hloekisoa ka ho tloaeleha ha motsotsoana ka mor'a moo ka mocheso o tlase.
7. Litšepe tse nang le carbon alloy tse tlaase le tse bohareng tse sebelisoang ka li-turbine tsa mouoane le li-boilers: Ho tloaeleha ho sebelisoa ho fumana sebopeho sa bainite, se lateloa ke mocheso o phahameng oa mocheso bakeng sa ho hanyetsa ha metsi ka 400-550 ° C.
8. Ntle le likarolo tsa tšepe le lisebelisoa tsa tšepe, ho tloaeleha ho boetse ho sebelisoa haholo ho phekola mocheso oa tšepe ea ductile ho fumana pearlite matrix le ho ntlafatsa matla a tšepe ea ductile. Litšobotsi tsa ho tloaeleha li kenyelletsa pholiso ea moea, ka hona mocheso o teng, mokhoa oa ho bokellana, phallo ea moea, le boholo ba sesebediswa sa mosebetsi kaofela li na le tšusumetso sebopehong le ts'ebetsong kamora ho tloaeleha. Sebopeho se tloaelehileng se ka boela sa sebelisoa e le mokhoa oa ho arola bakeng sa tšepe ea alloy. Ka tloaelo, tšepe ea alloy e arotsoe ka tšepe ea pearlite, tšepe ea bainite, tšepe ea martensite le tšepe ea austenite, ho itšetlehile ka sebopeho se fumanoang ka ho pholile ha moea ka mor'a ho futhumatsa sampuli ka bophara ba 25 mm ho isa ho 900 ° C.
4. Ho tlatsa
1. Annealing ke eng?
Annealing ke mokhoa oa ho phekola mocheso bakeng sa tšepe. Ho akarelletsa ho futhumatsa tšepe butle-butle mochesong o itseng, ho e boloka e le mochesong oo ka nako e itseng, ebe o e pholisa ka tekanyo e loketseng. Annealing e ka aroloa ka ho annealing ka ho feletseng, ho sa fella, le ho fokotsa khatello ea kelello. Thepa ea mochini ea thepa e hanetsoeng e ka hlahlojoa ka liteko tse thata kapa liteko tsa boima. Litšepe tse ngata li fanoa sebakeng sa annealed. Ho thatafala ha tšepe ho ka hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa "Rockwell hardness tester", e lekanyang bothata ba HRB. Bakeng sa lipoleiti tsa tšepe tse tšesaane, likhoele tsa tšepe, le lipeipi tsa tšepe tse nang le mabota a masesaane, ho ka sebelisoa mochini o hlahlobang boima ba Rockwell ho lekanya ho thatafala ha HRT.
2. Sepheo sa ho annealing ke:
- Ntlafatsa kapa u felise mefokolo e fapaneng ea sebopeho le likhatello tse setseng tse bakiloeng ke tšepe ka har'a ho lahla, ho forging, rolling le welding ho thibela deformation le ho peperana.shoa likarolo.
- Nolofatsa workpiece bakeng sa ho itšeha.
- Hloekisa lijo-thollo le ho ntlafatsa sebopeho ho ntlafatsa thepa ea mochini oa mosebetsi.
- Lokisetsa sebopeho bakeng sa phekolo ea ho qetela ea mocheso (ho tima le ho futhumatsa).
3. Mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea ho annealing ke:
① Koetliso e felletseng.
Ho ntlafatsa thepa ea mochini oa tšepe e mahareng le e tlase ka mor'a ho lahla, ho forging le welding, hoa hlokahala ho ntlafatsa sebopeho sa mocheso o matla. Ts'ebetso ena e kenyelletsa ho futhumatsa mochini oa ho sebetsa ho mocheso oa 30-50 ℃ kaholimo ho moo ferrite eohle e fetoloang hore e be austenite, ho boloka mocheso ona ka nako e itseng, ebe butle-butle o pholisa mochini oa mosebetsi ka seboping. Ha workpiece e pholile, austenite e tla fetoha hape, e hlahisang mohaho o motle oa tšepe.
② Spheroidizing annealing.
Ho fokotsa boima bo phahameng ba lisebelisoa tsa tšepe le tšepe ea ho jara ka mor'a ho qhekella, o hloka ho futhumatsa sesebedisoa ho mocheso oa 20-40 ℃ ka holim'a ntlha eo tšepe e qalang ho theha austenite, e boloke e futhumetse, ebe e e pholile butle-butle. Ha mosebetsi o ntse o pholile, samente ea lamellar e pearlite e fetoha sebopeho se chitja, se fokotsang ho thatafala ha tšepe.
③ Ho thijoa ha Isothermal.
Ts'ebetso ena e sebelisetsoa ho fokotsa boima bo phahameng ba litšepe tse itseng tsa alloy tse nang le nickel e phahameng le litaba tsa chromium bakeng sa ho seha. Ka tloaelo, tšepe e pholile ka potlako ho mocheso o sa tsitsang ka ho fetisisa oa austenite ebe o tšoaroa ka mocheso o mofuthu ka nako e itseng. Sena se etsa hore austenite e fetohe troostite kapa sorbite, e bakang phokotso ea boima.
④ Recrystallization annealing.
Mokhoa ona o sebelisetsoa ho fokotsa ho thatafala ha lithapo tsa tšepe le lipoleiti tse tšesaane tse hlahang nakong ea ho taka le serame. Tšepe e futhumatsoa ho mocheso oo ka kakaretso o leng 50-150 ℃ ka tlase ho ntlha eo tšepe e qalang ho theha austenite. Sena se lumella ho felisoa ha liphello tse thata tsa mosebetsi le ho nolofatsa tšepe.
⑤ Kemiso ea litšoantšo.
E le ho fetola tšepe e entsoeng ka tšepe e nang le samente e phahameng hore e be tšepe e entsoeng ka tšepe e nang le polasetiki e ntle, mokhoa ona o kenyelletsa ho futhumatsa mocheso ho pota 950 ° C, ho boloka mocheso ona ka nako e itseng, ebe o o pholile ka mokhoa o nepahetseng ho senya cementite le. hlahisa flocculent graphite.
⑥ Ts'ebetso ea phallo.
Ts'ebetso ena e sebelisetsoa ho lekanya sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale tsa li-alloy castings le ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea tsona. Mokhoa ona o kenyelletsa ho futhumatsa mocheso ho mocheso o phahameng ka ho fetisisa ntle le ho qhibiliha, ho boloka mocheso ona ka nako e telele, ebe o o pholisa butle-butle. Sena se lumella likarolo tse fapaneng tsa alloy ho hasana le ho ajoa ka mokhoa o ts'oanang.
⑦ Ho fokotsa khatello ea maikutlo.
Ts'ebetso ena e sebelisetsoa ho fokotsa khatello ea maikutlo ka hare ho li-castings tsa tšepe le likarolo tse cheselitsoeng. Bakeng sa lihlahisoa tsa tšepe tse qalang ho etsa austenite ka mor'a ho futhumatsa mocheso oa 100-200 ℃ ka tlase, li lokela ho bolokoa li futhumetse ebe li pholile moeeng e le ho felisa khatello ea kelello e ka hare.
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Nako ea poso: Aug-14-2024