1. Kudzima
1. Kudzima chii?
Kudzima inzira yekurapa kupisa inoshandiswa simbi. Muchiitiko ichi, simbi inopisa kusvika kune tembiricha iri pamusoro peiyo yakanyanya tembiricha Ac3 (ye hypereutectoid simbi) kana Ac1 (ye hypereutectoid simbi). Iyo inozochengetwa pane iyi tembiricha kwenguva yenguva kuti inyatso austenitize simbi zvizere kana zvishoma, uye yobva yakurumidza kutonhodzwa kusvika pazasi Ms (kana kubatwa isothermally padhuze naMs) pamwero wekutonhora wakakwira kupfuura mwero wakakomba wekutonhora kuishandura kuita martensite ( kana bainite). Kudzima kunoshandiswawo kugadzirisa kwakasimba kwemhinduro uye nekukurumidza kutonhora kwezvinhu zvakaita sealuminium alloys, alloys emhangura, titanium alloys, uye girazi rine hasha.
2. Chinangwa chekudzima:
1) Kuvandudza michina yezvigadzirwa zvesimbi kana zvikamu. Semuyenzaniso, inokwidziridza kuoma uye kupfeka kuramba kwezvishandiso, mabhengi, nezvimwewo, inowedzera elastic muganho wezvitubu, inonatsiridza iyo yakazara mechaniki zvimiro zveshaft zvikamu, nezvimwe.
2) Kuwedzera zvinhu kana kemikari zvimiro zvemhando dzakati dzesimbi, sekuvandudza kusimba kwesimbi isina tsvina kana kuwedzera magineti echigarire esimbi yemagineti, zvakakosha kuti unyatsosarudza inodzima midhiya uye kushandisa nzira chaiyo yekudzima panguva kudzima uye kutonhora maitiro. Nzira dzinowanzo shandiswa dzekudzima dzinosanganisira kudzima kwemvura imwe chete, kudzima kaviri-mvura, kudzima kwegiredhi, kudzima isothermal, uye kudzima kwenzvimbo. Imwe neimwe nzira ine mashandisirwo ayo chaiwo uye mabhenefiti.
3. Mushure mekudzima, simbi workpieces inoratidza zvinotevera maitiro:
- Zvimiro zvisina kugadzikana senge martensite, bainite, uye yakasara austenite iripo.
- Pane kushushikana kwakanyanya kwemukati.
- Iyo mechanical zvivakwa hazvienderane nezvinodiwa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, simbi dzekushanda dzinowanzo kupiswa mushure mekudzima.
2. Kushatirwa
1. Chii chinonzi hasha?
Tempering inzira yekupisa kupisa inosanganisira kudziyisa simbi dzakadzimwa zvinhu kana zvikamu kune imwe tembiricha, kuchengetedza tembiricha kweimwe nguva, uye nekuzvitonhodza neimwe nzira. Kupisa kunoitwa pakarepo mushure mekudzima uye kazhinji inhanho yekupedzisira mukupisa kwekupisa kweiyo workpiece. Iyo yakasanganiswa nzira yekudzima uye kupisa inonzi ndiyo yekupedzisira kurapwa.
2. Zvinangwa zvikuru zvekudzima nekupisa ndezvi:
-Kudziya kwakakosha kudzikisa kushushikana kwemukati uye brittleness muzvikamu zvakadzimwa. Kana isina kushatirwa panguva yakakodzera, zvikamu izvi zvinogona kukanganisa kana kutsemuka nekuda kwekunetseka kwakanyanya uye brittleness inokonzerwa nekudzima.
-Kupisa kunogona kushandiswawo kugadzirisa mashandiro emakanika eiyo workpiece, senge kuoma, simba, plasticity, uye kuoma, kusangana nekuita kwakasiyana zvinodiwa.
-Kuwedzera, kupisa kunobatsira kudzikamisa saizi yeworkpiece nekuona kuti hapana deformation inoitika panguva inotevera kushandiswa, sezvo inodzikamisa iyo metallographic chimiro.
-Kupisa kunogonawo kugadzirisa kucheka kwemamwe masimbi alloy.
3. Basa rekupisa ndere:
Kuti uone kuti workpiece inoramba yakagadzikana uye haina kuchinja kwemaitiro panguva yekushandiswa, zvakakosha kuvandudza kugadzikana kwechimiro. Izvi zvinosanganisira kubvisa kushushikana kwemukati, izvo zvinobatsira kudzikamisa zviyero zvejometri uye kuvandudza kushanda kweiyo workpiece. Pamusoro pezvo, kudzikisira kunogona kubatsira kugadzirisa michina yesimbi kuti isangane nezvinodiwa zvekushandisa.
Kupisa kune izvi nekuti kana tembiricha yakwira, kuita kweatomu kunokwidziridzwa, zvichiita kuti maatomu esimbi, kabhoni, uye mamwe maelement alloy musimbi apararire nekukurumidza. Izvi zvinogonesa kurongekazve kwemaatomu, kushandura chimiro chisina kugadzikana, chisina kuenzana kuita chimiro chakatsiga, chakaenzana.
Kana simbi yakanyungudutswa, kuoma uye kusimba kunoderera apo plastiki inowedzera. Kuwanda kwekuchinja uku mumichina yemagetsi kunoenderana nekupisa kwekushisa, nepamusoro tembiricha inotungamira kune shanduko huru. Mune mamwe masimbi alloy ane yakakwira yemukati yealloying zvinhu, kudziya mune imwe tembiricha renji kunogona kutungamirira kune kunaya kwemasimbi emakomisheni. Izvi zvinowedzera simba uye kuoma, chiitiko chinozivikanwa sechipiri chekuomesa.
Kupisa zvinodiwa: Kusiyanazvikamu zvakagadzirwainoda kudzikama patembiricha dzakasiyana kuti isangane nezvinodiwa zvekushandisa. Heano iwo anokurudzirwa tembiricha yekudziya yemhando dzakasiyana dzeworkpieces:
1. Maturusi ekucheka, mabearings, carburized and quenched parts, and surface quenched parts zvinowanzodzikamiswa pa tembiricha yakaderera pasi pe250°C. Iyi nzira inoguma nekuchinja kushoma mukuoma, kuderedzwa kwemukati kushushikana, uye kudiki kuvandudza mukuoma.
2. Zvitubu zvinodzikamiswa patembiricha iri pakati nepakati kubva pa350-500°C kuti iwane kusimba kwepamusoro uye kuoma kwakakosha.
3. Zvikamu zvakagadzirwa nesimbi yepakati-kabhoni structural simbi zvinowanzodzikamiswa pakupisa kwe500-600°C kuti zviwane musanganiswa wakakwana wesimba nekuoma.
Kana simbi yakapfava inosvika 300 ° C, inogona kuwedzera brittle, chiitiko chinozivikanwa semhando yekutanga yehasha brittleness. Kazhinji, kupisa hakufanirwe kuitwa munzvimbo iyi yekupisa. Mamwe masimbi epakati-carbon alloy structural steels anowanzoita brittleness kana akanyoroveswa zvishoma nezvishoma kusvika kukamuri tembiricha mushure mekupisa-kupisa, kunozivikanwa serudzi rwechipiri rwehasha brittleness. Kuwedzera molybdenum kune simbi kana kutonhora mumafuta kana mvura panguva yekupisa kunogona kudzivirira rudzi rwechipiri rwehasha brittleness. Kudzoreredza rudzi rwechipiri rwesimbi yakapfava kusvika kune yekutanga tembiricha inogona kubvisa brittleness iyi.
Mukugadzira, kusarudzwa kwekushisa kwekushisa kunoenderana nezvinodiwa zvekushanda kwe workpiece. Kupisa kunokamurwa zvichienderana nekusiyana kwetembiricha yekudziya kuita yakaderera-tembiricha, yepakati-tembiricha tembiricha, uye yakanyanya-tembiricha tembiricha. Iyo nzira yekupisa yekupisa iyo inosanganisira kudzima inoteverwa nekupisa-kupisa kunonzi kudziya, zvichikonzera kusimba kwepamusoro, kunaka kwepurasitiki, uye kuoma.
- Kudzika-kupisa kupisa: 150-250 ° C, M kutonhora. Iyi nzira inoderedza kushushikana kwemukati uye brittleness, inovandudza plastiki uye kuoma, uye inoguma nekuoma kwepamusoro uye kuramba kupfeka. Inowanzo shandiswa kugadzira maturusi ekuyeresa, maturusi ekucheka, kutenderedza mabheji, nezvimwe.
-Kupisa kwepakati-kupisa: 350-500 ° C, T kupisa. Iyi nzira yekupisa inoguma nekukwirira kwepamusoro, mamwe mapurasitiki, uye kuoma. Inowanzoshandiswa kugadzira zvitubu, forging inofa, nezvimwe.
- Kupisa kwepamusoro-kupisa: 500-650 ° C, S kupisa. Iyi nzira inoguma mune yakanaka yakazara mekiniki zvivakwa uye inowanzoshandiswa kugadzira magiya, crankshafts, nezvimwe.
3. Normalizing
1. Chii chinonzi normalizing?
Thecnc processof normalizing mushonga wekupisa unoshandiswa kuwedzera kuoma kwesimbi. Chikamu chesimbi chinopisa kusvika kune tembiricha iri pakati pe30 kusvika 50 ° C pamusoro petembiricha yeAc3, inobatwa patembiricha iyoyo kwenguva yakati rebei, uyezve mweya watonhodzwa kunze kwechoto. Kudzikamisa kunosanganisira kutonhora nekukurumidza pane kutonhora asi kunononoka pane kudzima. Iyi nzira inoguma nekunatswa kwekristaro zviyo musimbi, kuvandudza simba, kuomarara (sezvinoratidzwa neiyo AKV kukosha), uye kuderedza maitiro echikamu chekutsemuka. Normalizing inogona kuwedzera zvakanyanya huchenjeri hwemagetsi epasi-alloy inopisa-yakakungurutswa simbi mahwendefa, yakaderera-alloy simbi forgings, uye castings, pamwe nekuvandudza kucheka mashandiro.
2. Normalizing ine zvinotevera zvinangwa uye kushandiswa:
1. Hypereutectoid simbi: Normalizing inoshandiswa kubvisa overheated coarse-grained uye Widmanstatten zvivako mu castings, forgings, uye weldments, pamwe chete nemabhanhire emabhandi mune zvakaputirwa zvinhu. Inonatsa zviyo uye inogona kushandiswa senge pre-heat kurapwa isati yadzima.
2. Hypereutectoid simbi: Normalizing inogona kubvisa network yechipiri cementite uye kunatsa pearlite, kuvandudza mechanical zvinhu uye kufambisa inotevera spheroidizing annealing.
3. Yakadzika-kabhoni, yakadzika-yakadzika-yakaonda mahwendefa esimbi: Normalizing inogona kubvisa yemahara simenti pamuganhu wezviyo, kuvandudza yakadzika-kudhirowa kuita.
4. Yakaderera-carbon simbi uye yakaderera-carbon yakaderera-alloy simbi: Normalizing inogona kuwana yakanakisa, flaky pearlite zvivako, kuwedzera kuoma kuHB140-190, kudzivisa "banga rinonamatira" chiitiko panguva yekucheka, nekuvandudza machinability. Mumamiriro ezvinhu apo zvese zviri zviviri normalizing uye annealing zvinogona kushandiswa yepakati-kabhoni simbi, normalizing inonyanya hupfumi uye nyore.
5. Yakajairika yepakati-kabhoni structural simbi: Normalizing inogona kushandiswa panzvimbo yekudzima uye yakakwirira-tembiricha tembiricha kana yakakwirira mechanical zvinhu hazvidiwi, zvichiita kuti nzira nyore uye nechokwadi yakagadzikana simbi chimiro uye ukuru.
6. High-temperature normalizing (150-200 ° C pamusoro peAc3): Kuderedza kupatsanurwa kwechikamu checastings uye forgings nekuda kwekupararira kwepamusoro pakupisa kwepamusoro. Mbeu dzakakasharara dzinogona kunatswa neinozotevera sekondi normalizing pane yakaderera tembiricha.
7. Masimbi akaderera uye epakati-carbon alloy anoshandiswa mumhepo inoputika uye mabhoilers: Normalizing inoshandiswa kuwana chimiro che bainite, inoteverwa nepamusoro-tembiricha yekushisa kwezvakanaka zvinokambaira pa400-550 ° C.
8. Mukuwedzera kune zvikamu zvesimbi uye zvinhu zvesimbi, normalizing inoshandiswawo zvakanyanya mukupisa kurapwa kwe ductile iron kuwana pearlite matrix uye kuvandudza simba re ductile iron. Hunhu hwekujairira hunosanganisira kutonhora kwemhepo, saka tembiricha ye ambient, stacking nzira, kufefetera kwemhepo, uye saizi yebasa zvese zvine chekuita nechimiro uye kuita mushure mekugara. Iyo yakajairwa chimiro inogona zvakare kushandiswa senzira yekuisa nzira yealloy simbi. Kazhinji, alloy simbi yakakamurwa kuita pearlite simbi, bainite simbi, martensite simbi, uye austenite simbi, zvichienderana nechimiro chinowanikwa nekutonhodza kwemhepo mushure mekupisa sampuli ine dhayamita ye25 mm kusvika 900 ° C.
4. Anealing
1. Chii chinonzi annealing?
Annealing inzira yekupisa kupisa kwesimbi. Zvinosanganisira kudziyisa zvishoma nezvishoma simbi kusvika kune imwe tembiricha, kuichengeta iri patembiricha iyoyo kwenguva yakati, uye woitonhodza pamwero wakakodzera. Anealing inogona kuiswa muchikamu chakazara annealing, isina kukwana annealing, uye stress annealing. Iyo mechanic zvimiro zve annealed zvinhu zvinogona kuongororwa kuburikidza ne tensile bvunzo kana kuomarara bvunzo. Masimbi mazhinji anopihwa mune annealed state. Kuoma kwesimbi kunogona kuongororwa uchishandisa Rockwell kuomarara tester, inoyera kuoma kweHRB. Kune mahwendefa esimbi matete, mitsetse yesimbi, uye pombi dzesimbi dzakatetepa-kutetepa, Rockwell hardness tester inogona kushandiswa kuyera kuoma kweHRT.
2. Chinangwa chekuvhara ndeichi:
-Kunatsiridza kana kubvisa kwakasiyana zvimiro zvakakanganisika uye zvakasara kushushikana kunokonzerwa nesimbi mukukanda, kuforoma, kukungurutsira, uye welding maitiro kudzivirira deformation uye kuputika.kufa kukanda zvikamu.
- Nyoresa workpiece yekucheka.
- Gadzirisa zviyo uye uvandudze chimiro kuti uwedzere ma mechanic zvivakwa zve workpiece.
- Gadzirira chimiro chekupedzisira kupisa kurapwa (kudzima uye kupisa).
3. Maitirwo anowanzoitwa annealing ndeaya:
① Kuzadza annealing.
Kuti uvandudze ma mechanic properties yepakati uye yakaderera kabhoni simbi mushure mekukanda, forging, uye welding, zvinodikanwa kunatsa iyo yakaomesesa yakawedzera kupisa chimiro. Maitiro acho anosanganisira kudziyisa iyo workpiece kune tembiricha 30-50 ℃ pamusoro peiyo iyo ferrite inoshandurwa kuita austenite, kuchengetedza tembiricha iyi kwenguva yakati rebei, uyezve zvishoma nezvishoma kutonhorera workpiece muchoto. Sezvo workpiece inotonhora, iyo austenite inoshandura zvakare, zvichikonzera chimiro chesimbi.
② Spheroidizing annealing.
Kuti uderedze kuomarara kwakanyanya kwesimbi yemidziyo uye kubereka simbi mushure mekugadzira, unofanirwa kupisa iyo workpiece kune tembiricha iri 20-40 ℃ pamusoro peiyo simbi inotanga kuumba austenite, ichengetedze ichidziya, uye wozoitonhorera zvishoma nezvishoma. Sezvo workpiece inotonhora, iyo lamellar cementite mu pearlite inoshanduka kuita spherical shape, iyo inoderedza kuoma kwesimbi.
③ Isothermal annealing.
Maitiro aya anoshandiswa kudzikisa kuomarara kweimwe alloy zvimiro simbi ine yakakwira nickel uye chromium yemukati yekucheka kugadzirisa. Kazhinji, simbi inokurumidza kunyoroveswa kusvika kune yakanyanya kusagadzikana tembiricha ye austenite uye yobva yabatwa painodziya tembiricha kwenguva yakati rebei. Izvi zvinoita kuti austenite ishanduke kuita troostite kana sorbite, zvichikonzera kudzikiswa kwekuoma.
④ Recrystallization annealing.
Iyo nzira inoshandiswa kuderedza kuomarara kwewaya dzesimbi uye mahwendefa matete anoitika panguva inotonhora yekudhirowa uye kutonhora kukunguruka. Simbi inodziyirwa kune tembiricha inowanzoita 50-150 ℃ pazasi penzvimbo iyo simbi inotanga kuumba austenite. Izvi zvinobvumira kubviswa kwebasa-kuomesa mhedzisiro uye kunopfavisa simbi.
⑤ Graphitization annealing.
Kuti ushandure simbi yakakandwa ine yakakwira simende yemukati kuita simbi yakakandwa ine purasitiki yakanaka, maitiro acho anosanganisira kupisa kukanda kusvika ku950 ° C, kuchengetedza tembiricha iyi kwenguva yakati, uye nekuitonhodza zvakakodzera kuputsa simende uye. kugadzira flocculent graphite.
⑥ Diffusion annealing.
Iyo nzira inoshandiswa kuenzanisa iyo kemikari yekuumbwa kwealloy castings uye kuwedzera mashandiro avo. Iyo nzira inosanganisira kupisa kukanda kusvika kune yakanyanya kupisa tembiricha pasina kunyungudika, kuchengetedza tembiricha iyi kwenguva yakareba, uye nekuitonhodza zvishoma nezvishoma. Izvi zvinobvumira kuti zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana mu alloy zvipararire uye zvigovane zvakafanana.
⑦ Kuderedza kushushikana mupfungwa.
Iyi nzira inoshandiswa kuderedza kushushikana kwemukati musimbi castings uye welded zvikamu. Kune zvigadzirwa zvesimbi zvinotanga kugadzira austenite mushure mekupisa patembiricha 100-200 ℃ pazasi, zvinofanirwa kuchengetwa zvichidziya uye zvozotonhodzwa mumhepo kuitira kubvisa kushushikana kwemukati.
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Nguva yekutumira: Aug-14-2024