Nzira yekusiyanisa Kudzima, Kupisa, Kugadzirisa, Kugadzirisa

Chii chinonzi kupisa?

Tempering inzira yekurapa kupisa umo simbi yakadzima kana chikamu chinopisa kune imwe tembiricha, inochengetwa kweimwe nguva yenguva, uye yozotonhodzwa neimwe nzira. Kupisa ibasa rinoitwa pakarepo mushure mekudzima, uye inowanzova chikamu chekupedzisira chekupisa kwekupisa kwe workpiece. Nzira, saka nzira yakabatanidzwa yekudzima uye kupisa kunonzi kurapwa kwekupedzisira. Chinangwa chikuru chekudzima uye kupisa ndeichi:

1) Deredza kushushikana kwemukati uye kuderedza brittleness. Zvikamu zvakadzimwa zvine kushushikana kukuru uye brittleness. Kana vasina kushatirwa nekufamba kwenguva, vanozoda kukanganisa kana kutsemuka.

2) Gadzirisa ma mechanic properties ye workpiece. Mushure mekudzima, iyo workpiece ine yakakwirira kuoma uye yakakwirira brittleness. Kuti usangane nezvinodiwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvekushanda zvakasiyana-siyana zvekushanda, zvinogona kugadziriswa nekupisa, kuoma, simba, plastiki uye kuoma.

3) Gadzirisa saizi yeworkpiece. Iyo metallographic chimiro inogona kudzikamiswa nekudzikamisa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti hapana deformation inoitika mune ramangwana rekushandisa maitiro.

4) Kuvandudza kushanda kwekucheka kwemamwe masimbi alloy.
Mhedzisiro yekupisa ndeye:

① Kuvandudza kugadzikana kwesangano, kuitira kuti chimiro chebasa rekushanda chirege kuchinja panguva yekushandiswa, kuitira kuti hukuru hwejometri uye kushanda kwechigadziro chirambe chakasimba.

② Bvisa kushushikana kwemukati kuitira kuti uvandudze mashandiro eiyo workpiece uye kudzikamisa saizi yejometri yeworkpiece.

③ Gadzirisa michina yesimbi kuti isangane nezvinodiwa zvekushandisa.

Chikonzero nei kupisa kuine mhedzisiro iyi ndechekuti kana tembiricha yakwira, chiitiko cheatomu chinowedzera, uye maatomu esimbi, kabhoni uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinosanganiswa musimbi zvinogona kupararira nekukurumidza kuona kurongeka uye kusanganiswa kwemaatomu, izvo zvinoita kuti isagadzikana. sangano risina kuenzana zvishoma nezvishoma rakachinja kuva sangano rakagadzikana, rakadzikama. Kubviswa kwekushushikana kwemukati kunoenderanawo nekuderera kwesimba resimbi kana tembiricha ichikwira. Kana simbi yakawanda ichidzikamiswa, kuoma uye simba zvinoderera, uye plastiki inowedzera. Iyo yakakwirira tembiricha yekudziya, inokura shanduko mune izvi mechanical properties. Mamwe masimbi ane alloy ane alloying emhando yepamusoro anokonzeresa zvimwe zvimedu zvesimbi zvinosanganisirwa kana zvakapfava mune imwe tembiricha yemhando, izvo zvinowedzera simba nekuoma. Chiitiko ichi chinodaidzwa kuti secondary harding.
Tempering zvinodiwa: workpieces ane zvinangwa zvakasiyana anofanirwa kudzikiswa patembiricha dzakasiyana kuti asangane nezvinodiwa mukushandiswa.

① Zvishandiso, mabhengi, akaomeswa uye akaomeswa zvikamu, uye nzvimbo dzakaomeswa dzepamusoro dzinowanzo kudzikiswa pakudziya kwakadzika pasi pe250 ° C. Iko kuoma kunoshanduka zvishoma mushure mekudzika kwekushisa, kushushikana kwemukati kunoderedzwa, uye kuoma kunovandudzwa zvishoma.

② Chitubu chinodzikiswa patembiricha yepakati pa350～500℃ kuti uwane yakakwira elasticity uye kuoma kwakakosha.

③ Zvikamu zvinogadzirwa nepakati kabhoni structural simbi zvinowanzo dzikamiswa pakupisa kwepamusoro pa500～600℃ kuti uwane mutambo wakanaka wesimba rakakodzera uye kuoma.

Kana simbi inodziya paanenge 300 ° C, inowanzowedzera brittleness yayo. Chiitiko ichi chinodaidzwa kuti rudzi rwekutanga rwehasha brittleness. Kazhinji, haifanirwe kudzikamiswa mune iyi tembiricha yemhando. Mamwe masimbi epakati-kabhoni alloy zvimiro zvesimbi zvakare anowanzoita brittle kana akatonhodzwa zvishoma nezvishoma kusvika kukamuri tembiricha mushure mekupisa kwepamusoro. Ichi chiitiko chinodaidzwa kuti rudzi rwechipiri rwekushatirwa. Kuwedzera molybdenum kune simbi kana kutonhora mumafuta kana mvura panguva yekupisa kunogona kudzivirira rudzi rwechipiri rwehasha brittleness. Rudzi urwu rwe brittleness rinogona kubviswa nekudziisa rudzi rwechipiri rwe brittle simbi kune yekutanga kupisa tembiricha.

Mukugadzira, inowanzobva pane zvinodiwa zvekushanda kwe workpiece. Zvinoenderana neyakasiyana tembiricha yekudziya, kupisa kwakakamurwa kuita yakaderera tembiricha, yepakati tembiricha tembiricha, uye yakanyanya kupisa tembiricha. Iyo yekupisa yekurapa maitiro ayo anosanganisa kudzima uye anozotevera epamusoro tembiricha tembiricha inonzi quenching uye kupisa, izvo zvinoreva kuti ine simba rakawanda uye kunaka kwepurasitiki kuoma.

1. Kudzika-kupisa kwekushisa: 150-250 ° C, M cycles, kuderedza kushushikana kwemukati uye brittleness, kunatsiridza kusimba kwepurasitiki, uye kuva nekuoma kwepamusoro uye kupfeka kusagadzikana. Inoshandiswa kugadzira maturusi ekuyeresa, maturusi ekucheka, rolling bearings, nezvimwe.

2. Yepakati tembiricha tembiricha: 350-500 ℃, T kutenderera, ine elasticity yakakwirira, mamwe epurasitiki uye kuoma. Inoshandiswa kugadzira zvitubu, forging dies, etc.CNC machining chikamu

3. High tembiricha tembiricha: 500-650 ℃, S nguva, pamwe zvakanaka nzwisisika michina zvinhu. Inoshandiswa kugadzira magiya, crankshafts, nezvimwe.
Chii chinonzi normalizing?

Normalizing mushonga wekupisa unovandudza kuoma kwesimbi. Mushure mekunge chikamu chesimbi chinopisa kusvika ku30 ~ 50 ° C pamusoro pekushisa kweAc3, inochengetwa ichidziya kwekanguva uyezve mhepo-yakatonhorera. Chinhu chikuru ndechekuti mwero wekutonhodza unokurumidza kupfuura kuvharisa uye wakaderera pane kudzima. Munguva ye normalizing, makristasi zviyo zvesimbi zvinogona kunatswa mukutonhora zvishoma. Kwete chete simba rinogutsa rinogona kuwanikwa, asiwo kuoma (AKV kukosha) inogona kuvandudzwa zvakanyanya uye kuderedzwa Maitiro echikamu chekuputika. -After normalizing kurapwa kweimwe yakaderera-alloy inopisa-yakakungurutswa simbi mahwendefa, yakaderera-alloy simbi forgings uye castings, yakazara mechanical zvinhu zvezvinhu zvinogona kuvandudzwa zvikuru, uye kucheka kushanda kunovandudzwa zvakare.chikamu chealuminium

Normalizing ine zvinotevera zvinangwa uye kushandiswa:

① Kune masimbi e hypoeutectoid, normalizing inoshandiswa kubvisa yakanyanyisa-yakaomeswa-yakaomeswa chimiro uye Widmanstatten chimiro chekukandira, forging, uye weldments, uye bhendi chimiro mune yakamonerwa zvinhu; natsa zviyo; uye inogona kushandiswa se pre-heat kurapwa isati yadzima.

② Kune hypereutectoid simbi, normalizing inogona kubvisa reticulated yechipiri simenti uye kunatsa pearlite, izvo kwete chete kunatsiridza michina zvivakwa, asi zvakare kufambisa inotevera spheroidizing annealing.

③ Kune yakaderera-kabhoni yakadzika-kudhirowa yakatetepa simbi mashiti, normalizing inogona kubvisa yemahara simenti mumuganhu wezviyo kuti ivandudze kuita kwayo kwakadzika-kudhirowa.

④ Kune yakaderera-kabhoni simbi uye yakaderera-kabhoni yakaderera-alloy simbi, normalizing inogona kuwana yakawanda flake pearlite chimiro, kuwedzera kuomarara kuHB140-190, kudzivirira chiitiko che "banga rinonamira" panguva yekucheka, uye kugadzirisa machinability. Kune yepakati kabhoni simbi, inonyanya hupfumi uye nyore kushandisa normalizing kana zvese zviri zviviri normalizing uye annealing zviripo.5 mbezo dzakagadzirwa chikamu

⑤ Kune akajairwa epakati kabhoni structural simbi, uko michina zvimiro zvisina kukwirira, normalizing inogona kushandiswa panzvimbo yekudzima uye yakanyanya tembiricha kupisa, izvo zvisiri nyore chete kushanda, asiwo yakagadzikana muchimiro uye saizi yesimbi.

⑥ Yepamusoro tembiricha normalizing (150～200℃ pamusoro peAc3) inogona kuderedza kuumbwa kwekupatsanurwa kwekukanda uye forgings nekuda kweiyo yakanyanya kupararira mwero pakupisa kwakanyanya. The coarse tsanga pashure tembiricha normalization inogona kunatswa nechipiri yakaderera tembiricha normalization.

⑦ Kune mamwe akadzika- uye epakati-kabhoni alloy simbi anoshandiswa muutsi turbines uye boilers, normalizing inowanzo shandiswa kuwana bainite chimiro, uyezve mushure mekupisa kwekushisa kwakanyanya, ine yakanaka inokambaira kuramba kana ichishandiswa pa400-550 ℃.

⑧ Pamusoro pezvikamu zvesimbi nesimbi, normalizing inoshandiswawo zvakanyanya mukupisa kurapwa kwe ductile iron kuwana pearlite matrix uye kuvandudza simba re ductile iron.

Sezvo hunhu hwe normalizing huri kutonhora kwemhepo, ambient tembiricha, stacking nzira, airflow uye workpiece saizi zvose zvinokanganisa sangano uye kushanda pashure normalizing. Iyo yakajairwa chimiro inogona zvakare kushandiswa senzira yekuisa nzira yealloy simbi. Kazhinji, masimbi alloy akakamurwa kuita pearlite simbi, bainite simbi, martensitic simbi uye austenitic simbi zvichibva pachimiro chinowanikwa nekutonhodza kwemhepo mushure mekunge sampuli ine dhayamita ye25 mm ichipisa kusvika 900 ° C.
Chii chinonzi annealing?

Annealing isimbi yekupisa kupisa iyo inopisa zvishoma nezvishoma simbi kune imwe tembiricha, inoichengeta kwenguva yakakwana, yozoitonhodza nekumhanya kwakakodzera. Annealing kupisa kurapwa kwakakamurwa kuita annealing yakakwana, isina kukwana annealing uye kushushikana kunyaradza annealing. Iyo mechanic zvimiro zve annealed zvinhu zvinogona kuyedzwa ne tensile bvunzo kana kuomarara bvunzo. Masimbi mazhinji anopihwa mune annealed heat treatment state. Kuoma kwesimbi kunogona kuyedzwa neRockwell kuomarara tester kuyedza kuoma kweHRB. Kune mahwendefa esimbi matete, mitsetse yesimbi uye mapaipi esimbi akatetepa, iyo Rockwell kuomarara tester inogona kushandiswa kuyedza kuomarara kweHRT. .

Chinangwa chekutsvaga ndecheku:

① Kuvandudza kana kubvisa zvakasiyana-siyana zvimiro zvakakanganisika uye zvakasara zvinonetsa zvinokonzerwa nekukandwa kwesimbi, kuforoma, kukungurutsira uye welding, uye kudzivirira deformation uye kuputika kwechishandiso.

② Nyaradza iyo workpiece yekucheka.

③ Natsa zviyo uye uvandudze chimiro kuti uvandudze ma mechanic zvivakwa zveworkpiece.

④ Gadzirira sangano rekupedzisira kupisa kupisa (kudzima, kupisa).
Zvinonyanya kushandiswa annealing maitiro ndeaya:

① Yakabviswa zvachose. Inoshandiswa kunatsiridza iyo yakaomesesa superheated chimiro ine isina kunaka mechanicha zvivakwa mushure mekukanda, kuforoma uye welding yepakati uye yakaderera kabhoni simbi. Pisa iyo workpiece kusvika 30-50 ℃ pamusoro petembiricha iyo ferrite yese inoshandurwa kuita austenite, ichengetedze kwenguva yakati rebei, uye wozotonhora zvishoma nezvishoma nechoto. Munguva yekutonhora, iyo austenite inoshandura zvakare kuita kuti chimiro chesimbi chinyatsonaka. .

② Spheroidizing annealing. Inoshandiswa kuderedza kuoma kwepamusoro kwesimbi yemidziyo uye simbi yekubereka mushure mekugadzira. Iyo workpiece inopisa kusvika ku20-40 ° C pamusoro pekushisa apo simbi inotanga kuumba austenite, uye inononoka zvishoma nezvishoma mushure mekubata kutonhora. Munguva yekutonhora, iyo lamellar cementite mu pearlite inova spherical, nokudaro kuderedza kuoma.

③ Isothermal annealing. Inoshandiswa kudzikisa kuomarara kweimwe alloy structural simbi ine yakakwirira nickel uye chromium yemukati yekucheka. Kazhinji, inotanga kutonhodzwa kusvika kune yakanyanya kugadzikana tembiricha yeaustenite pamwero unokurumidza, uye mushure mekubata kwenguva yakakodzera, iyo austenite inoshandurwa kuita troostite kana sorbite, uye kuoma kunogona kuderedzwa.

④ Recrystallization annealing. Inoshandiswa kubvisa chiitiko chekuomesa (kuwedzera mukuoma uye kuderera kwepurasitiki) yesimbi waya uye pepa panguva yechando yekudhirowa uye kutonhora kukunguruka. Tembiricha yekudziya inowanzo 50 kusvika 150 ° C pasi petembiricha apo simbi inotanga kuumba austenite. Nenzira iyi chete inogona kubviswa basa rekuomesa uye simbi inogona kupfava.

⑤ Graphitization annealing. Inoshandiswa kugadzira simbi yakakandwa ine huwandu hwakakura hwesimende kuita simbi inogoneka yakakandwa ine purasitiki yakanaka. Iyo process operation ndeyekupisa kukanda kusvika 950°C, kuichengeta ichidziya kwekanguva wozoitonhodza zvakakodzera kuti iparadze simende kuti iite flocculent graphite.

⑥ Diffusion annealing. Iyo inoshandiswa kuita homogenize iyo kemikari inoumbwa yealloy castings uye kuvandudza mashandiro ayo. Iyo nzira ndeyekupisa kukanda kune yakanyanya tembiricha inokwanisika pasina kunyungudika, uye kuichengeta kwenguva yakareba, uyezve zvishoma nezvishoma kutonhora pasi mushure mekupararira kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana mu alloy kunowanzo kugoverwa zvakaenzana.

⑦ Kuderedza kushushikana mupfungwa. Inoshandiswa kubvisa kushushikana kwemukati kwesimbi castings uye welding zvikamu. Kune zvigadzirwa zvesimbi, tembiricha iyo austenite inotanga kuumbwa mushure mekupisa ndeye 100-200 ℃, uye kushushikana kwemukati kunogona kubviswa nekutonhora mumhepo mushure mekubata tembiricha.