Nzira yekusiyanisa Kudzima, Kupisa, Kugadzirisa, Kugadzirisa

Chii chinonzi kupisa?

Tempering inzira yekurapa kupisa umo simbi yakadzima kana chikamu chinopisa kune imwe tembiricha, inochengetwa kweimwe nguva, uye yozotonhodzwa neimwe nzira. Tempering kuvhiyiwa kunoitwa pakarepo mushure mekudzima uye kazhinji chikamu chekupedzisira chekupisa kurapwa kweiyo workpiece. Iyo yakasanganiswa nzira yekudzima uye kupisa kunonzi kurapwa kwekupedzisira. Chinangwa chekutanga chekudzima uye kupisa ndeichi:

1) Deredza kushushikana kwemukati uye kuderedza brittleness. Zvikamu zvakadzimwa zvine kushushikana kukuru uye brittleness. Vanowanzo kanganisa kana kutsemuka kana vasina kushatirwa nenguva.

2) Gadzirisa ma mechanic properties ye workpiece. Mushure mekudzima, iyo workpiece ine yakakwirira kuoma uye yakakwirira brittleness. Inogona kugadziridzwa nekudziya, kuoma, simba, plastiki, uye kuomarara kuti isangane neakasiyana kuita zvinodiwa zveakasiyana workpieces.

3) Gadzirisa saizi yeworkpiece. Iyo metallographic chimiro inogona kudzikamiswa nekudzikamisa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti hapana deformation inoitika panguva yekushandiswa kwemangwana.

4) Kuvandudza kushanda kwekucheka kwemamwe masimbi alloy.
Mhedzisiro yekupisa ndeye:

① Kuvandudza kugadzikana kwesangano kuitira kuti chimiro chebasa risachinja panguva yekushandiswa kuitira kuti saizi yejometri uye mashandiro arambe akagadzikana.

② Bvisa kushushikana kwemukati kuti uvandudze mashandiro eiyo workpiece uye kudzikamisa saizi yejometri yeworkpiece.

③ Gadzirisa michina yesimbi kuti isangane nezvinodiwa zvekushandisa.

Chikonzero nei kupisa kuine izvi mhedzisiro ndeyekuti kana tembiricha yakwira, basa reatomu rinowedzera. Maatomu esimbi, kabhoni, uye zvimwe zvinosanganisa zvinhu musimbi zvinogona kupararira nekukurumidza kuona kurongekazve uye musanganiswa wezvikamu, zvichiita kuti isagadzikane. Sangano risina kudzikama rakachinja zvishoma nezvishoma kuva sangano rakatsiga, rakadzikama. Kubvisa kushushikana kwemukati kunobatanidzawo nekuderera kwesimba resimbi kana kutonhora kuchikwira. Kana simbi yakawanda ichidzikamiswa, kuoma uye simba zvinoderera, uye plastiki inowedzera. Iyo yakakwirira tembiricha yekudziya, inonyanya kukosha shanduko mune izvi mechanical properties. Mamwe masimbi ane alloy ane alloying emhando yepamusoro anokonzeresa zvimwe zvimedu zvakanaka zvesimbi komisheni kana yakapfava mune yakatarwa tembiricha renji, izvo zvinowedzera simba nekuoma. Chiitiko ichi chinodaidzwa kuti secondary harding.
Zvinodiwa zvekupisa: Zvishandiso zvine zvinangwa zvakasiyana zvinofanirwa kudzikiswa patembiricha dzakasiyana siyana kuti isangane nezvinodiwa zvekushandisa.

① Zvishandiso, mabhengi, akaomeswa uye akaomeswa zvikamu, uye nzvimbo dzakaomeswa dzepamusoro dzinowanzo kudzikiswa pasi pe250 ° C. Iko kuoma kunoshanduka zvishoma mushure mekudzika-kupisa kwekushisa, kushushikana kwemukati kunoderedzwa, uye kuoma kunovandudzwa zvishoma.

② Chitubu chinodzikiswa pane tembiricha yepakati pe350～500℃ kuti uwane yakakwira elasticity uye inodiwa kuoma.

③ Zvikamu zvinogadzirwa nepakati kabhoni structural simbi zvinowanzo dzikamiswa patembiricha yakakwira ye500～600℃ kuwana mucheno wakanaka wesimba rakakodzera uye kuoma.

 

Kana simbi inodziya paanenge 300 ° C, inowanzowedzera brittleness yayo. Chiitiko ichi chinodaidzwa kuti rudzi rwekutanga rwehasha brittleness. Kazhinji, haifanirwe kudzikamiswa mune iyi tembiricha yemhando. Mamwe masimbi epakati-kabhoni alloy zvimiro zvesimbi zvakare anowanzoita brittle kana akatonhodzwa zvishoma nezvishoma kusvika kukamuri tembiricha mushure mekupisa kwepamusoro. Ichi chiitiko chinodaidzwa kuti rudzi rwechipiri rwekushatirwa. Kuwedzera molybdenum kune simbi kana kutonhora mumafuta kana mvura panguva yekupisa kunogona kudzivirira rudzi rwechipiri rwehasha brittleness. Rudzi urwu rwe brittleness rinogona kubviswa nekudziisa rudzi rwechipiri rwe brittle simbi kune yekutanga kupisa tembiricha.

Mukugadzira, inowanzoenderana nezvinodiwa zvekushanda kweiyo workpiece. Zvinoenderana nemhando dzakasiyana dzekupisa, kupisa kunokamurwa kuita yakaderera-tembiricha, yepakati-tembiricha, uye yakakwirira-tembiricha. Iyo nzira yekupisa yekupisa iyo inosanganisa kudzima uye inotevera kudziya kwepamusoro-tembiricha inonzi kudzima uye kupisa, izvo zvinoreva kuti ine simba rakakwirira uye kunaka kwepurasitiki kusimba.

1. Kudzika-kupisa kwekushisa: 150-250 ° C, M cycles, inoderedza kushushikana kwemukati uye brittleness, inovandudza kuoma kwepurasitiki, uye ine kuoma kwepamusoro uye kupfeka kusagadzikana. Ndaigara ndichigadzira maturusi ekuyeresa, maturusi ekucheka, mabearings, etc.

2. Kudzikamisa tembiricha yepakati: 350-500 ℃, T kutenderera, elasticity yakakwira, mamwe mapurasitiki, uye kuoma. Inoshandiswa kugadzira zvitubu, forging dies, etc.CNC machining chikamu

3. Kupisa kwepamusoro-kupisa: 500-650 ℃, S nguva, ine yakanaka yakazara yemagetsi emagetsi. Ini ndaigadzira magiya, crankshafts, nezvimwe.

Chii chinonzi normalizing?

Normalizing mushonga wekupisa unovandudza kuoma kwesimbi. Mushure mekunge chikamu chesimbi chinopisa kusvika ku30 ~ 50 ° C pamusoro pekushisa kweAc3, inochengetwa ichidziya uye inotonhorera mhepo. Chinhu chikuru ndechekuti mwero wekutonhodza unokurumidza kupfuura kuvharisa uye wakaderera pane kudzima. Munguva yekujairira, zviyo zvekristaro zvesimbi zvinogona kunatswa mukutonhora zvishoma. Kwete chete simba rinogutsa rinogona kuwanikwa, asi kuoma (AKV value) inogonawo kuvandudzwa zvakanyanya uye kuderedzwa-maitiro echikamu chekupwanya. -After normalizing kurapwa kweimwe yakaderera-alloy inopisa-yakakungurutswa simbi mahwendefa, yakaderera-alloy simbi forgings, uye castings, yakazara mechanical zvinhu zvezvinhu zvinogona kuvandudza zvikuru, uye kucheka kushanda kunovandudzwa zvakare.chikamu chealuminium

Normalizing ine zvinotevera zvinangwa uye kushandiswa:

① Kune hypereutectoid simbi, normalizing inoshandiswa kubvisa yakanyanyisa-yakaomeswa-yakaomeswa chimiro uye Widmanstatten chimiro chekukandira, forging, uye weldments, uye bhendi chimiro mune zvakakungurutswa zvinhu; natsa zviyo; uye inogona kushandiswa se pre-heat kurapwa isati yadzima.

② Kune hypereutectoid simbi, normalizing inogona kubvisa reticulated yechipiri simenti uye kunatsa pearlite, kunatsiridza michina zvivakwa uye kufambisa inotevera spheroidizing annealing.

③ Kune yakaderera-kabhoni yakadzika-kudhirowa yakatetepa simbi mashiti, normalizing inogona kubvisa yemahara simenti mumuganhu wezviyo kuti ivandudze kuita kwayo kwakadzika-kudhirowa.

④ Kune yakaderera-kabhoni simbi uye yakaderera-kabhoni yakaderera-alloy simbi, normalizing inogona kuwana yakawanda flake pearlite chimiro, kuwedzera kuomarara kuHB140-190, kudzivirira chiitiko che "banga rinonamira" panguva yekucheka, uye kugadzirisa machinability. Normalizing inonyanya hupfumi uye yakanakira yepakati kabhoni simbi kana normalizing uye annealing iripo.Matemo mashanu akagadzira chikamu

⑤ Kune akajairwa epakati kabhoni structural simbi, uko michina zvimiro zvisina kukwirira, normalizing inogona kushandiswa panzvimbo yekudzima uye yakanyanya-tembiricha tembiricha, iri nyore kushanda uye yakagadzikana muchimiro uye saizi yesimbi.

⑥ Yepamusoro tembiricha normalizing (150～200℃ pamusoro peAc3) inogona kuderedza kuumbwa kwekupatsanurwa kwekukandira uye forgings nekuda kweiyo yakanyanya kupararira mwero pakupisa kwakanyanya. Mushure mepamusoro-tembiricha yakajairika, yechipiri yakaderera-tembiricha normalization inogona kunatsa zviyo zvakakora.

⑦ Kune mamwe masimbi akaderera uye epakati-kabhoni alloy anoshandiswa mumhepo turbines uye boilers, normalizing inowanzoshandiswa kuwana bainite chimiro. Zvadaro, mushure mekupisa kwepamusoro-soro, ine yakanaka inokambaira kuramba kana ichishandiswa pa400-550 ℃.

⑧ Pamusoro pezvikamu zvesimbi nesimbi, normalizing inoshandiswawo zvakanyanya mukupisa kurapwa kwe ductile iron kuwana pearlite matrix uye kuvandudza simba re ductile iron.

Sezvo hunhu hwekujairira kuri kutonhora kwemhepo, tembiricha yakadzika, nzira yekuisa, kuyerera kwemhepo, uye saizi yebasa zvese zvinokanganisa sangano nekuita mushure mekugara. Iyo yakajairwa chimiro inogona zvakare kushandiswa senzira yekuisa nzira yealloy simbi. Kazhinji, masimbi alloy akakamurwa kuita pearlite, bainite, martensitic, uye austenitic simbi zvichibva pachimiro chinowanikwa nekutonhodza kwemhepo mushure mekunge sampuli ine dhayamita ye25 mm ichipisa kusvika 900 ° C.

Chii chinonzi annealing?

Annealing isimbi yekupisa kupisa iyo inopisa zvishoma nezvishoma simbi kusvika kune imwe tembiricha, inoichengeta kwenguva yakakwana, yozoitonhodza nekumhanya kwakakodzera. Anealing kupisa kurapwa kwakakamurwa kuita isina kukwana, g, uye kunetseka kunyaradza annealing. Iyo mechanic zvimiro zve annealed zvinhu zvinogona kuyedzwa ne tensile kana kuomarara bvunzo. Masimbi mazhinji anopihwa mune annealed heat treatment state. Rockwell hardness tester inogona kuyedza kuoma kwesimbi kuyedza kuoma kweHRB. Kune mahwendefa esimbi matete, mitsetse yesimbi uye mapaipi esimbi akatetepa, iyo Rockwell kuomarara tester inogona kushandiswa kuyedza kuomarara kweHRT. .

Chinangwa chekutsvaga ndecheku:

① Kuvandudza kana kubvisa kukanganisa kwechimiro uye kusara kunetseka kunokonzerwa nekukandwa kwesimbi, kufogisa, kukungurutsira, uye welding, uye kudzivirira deformation uye kuputika kwechishandiso.

② Nyoresa workpiece yekucheka.

③ Natsa zviyo uye uvandudze chimiro kuti uvandudze ma mechanic zvivakwa zveworkpiece.

④ Gadzirira sangano rekupedzisira kupisa kupisa (kudzima, kupisa).

Zvinonyanya kushandiswa annealing maitiro ndeaya:

① Yakabviswa zvachose. Inoshandiswa kukwenenzvera yakaomesesa superheated chimiro ine isina kunaka mechanicha zvinhu mushure mekukanda, forging, g, uye welding yepakati uye yakaderera kabhoni simbi. Pisa iyo workpiece kusvika 30-50 ℃ pamusoro petembiricha iyo ferrite yese inoshandurwa kuita austenite, ichengetedze kwenguva yakati, wozotonhora zvishoma nezvishoma nechoto. Munguva yekutonhora, iyo austenite inoshandura zvakare kuita kuti chimiro chesimbi chinyatsonaka.

② Spheroidizing annealing. Iwo anoshandiswa kuderedza kuoma kwepamusoro kwesimbi yemidziyo uye simbi inotakura mushure mekugadzira. Iyo workpiece inopisa kusvika 20-40 ° C pamusoro pekushisa uko simbi inoumba austenite uye inononoka zvishoma nezvishoma mushure mekubata kutonhora. Munguva yekutonhora, iyo lamellar cementite mu pearlite inova spherical, ichideredza kuoma.

③ Isothermal annealing. Iyo inoderedza kuomarara kweimwe alloy zvimiro simbi ine yakakwirira nickel uye chromium yemukati yekucheka. Kazhinji, inotonhodzwa kusvika kune yakanyanya kusagadzikana tembiricha ye austenite pamwero unokurumidza. Mushure mekubata kwenguva yakakodzera, iyo austenite inoshandurwa kuita troostite kana sorbite, uye kuoma kunogona kuderedzwa.

④ Recrystallization annealing. Iyo inobvisa iyo kuomesa chiitiko (kuwedzera mukuoma uye kuderera kwepurasitiki) yesimbi waya uye pepa panguva inotonhora yekudhirowa nekukunguruka. Tembiricha yekudziya inowanzo 50 kusvika 150 ° C pasi petembiricha apo simbi inotanga kuumba austenite. Nenzira iyi chete inogona kubviswa kushanda-kuoma, uye simbi inogona kupfava.

⑤ Graphitization annealing. Inoshandiswa kugadzira simbi yakakandwa ine huwandu hwakakura hwesimende kuita simbi inogoneka yakakandwa ine purasitiki yakanaka. Iyo process operation ndeyekupisa kukanda kusvika 950°C, kuichengeta ichidziya kwekanguva, wozoitonhodza zvakakodzera kuti iparadze simende kuti iite flocculent graphite.

⑥ Diffusion annealing. Iyo inoshandiswa kuita homogenize iyo kemikari inoumbwa yealloy castings uye kuvandudza mashandiro ayo. Iyo nzira ndeyekupisa kukanda kune yakanyanya tembiricha inobvira pasina kuinyungudutsa kwenguva yakareba uye zvishoma nezvishoma kutonhora pasi mushure mekupararira kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana mualloy, iyo inowanzove yakagoverwa zvakaenzana.

⑦ Kuderedza kushushikana mupfungwa. Inobvisa kushushikana kwemukati kwesimbi castings uye welding zvikamu. Kune zvigadzirwa zvesimbi, tembiricha iyo austenite inotanga kuumbwa mushure mekupisa ndeye 100-200 ℃, uye kushushikana kwemukati kunogona kubviswa nekutonhora mumhepo mushure mekubata tembiricha.