Iyo crossbeam slide chigaro chinhu chakakosha chemuchina chishandiso, chinoratidzwa neyakaomarara chimiro uye akasiyana marudzi. Imwe neimwe interface ye crossbeam slide chigaro inoenderana zvakananga kune yayo crossbeam yekubatanidza mapoinzi. Nekudaro, kana uchichinja kubva kune mashanu-axis universal slide kuenda kune mashanu-axis inorema-basa rekucheka masiraidhi, shanduko dzinoitika panguva imwe chete mucrossbeam slide seat, crossbeam, uye gwara renjanji. Kare, kusangana nezvido zvemusika, zvikamu zvakakura zvaifanira kugadzirwazve, izvo zvakakonzera nguva refu yekutungamira, kudhura kwakanyanya, uye kusachinjana kwakashata.
Kugadzirisa nyaya iyi, chimiro chitsva checrossbeam slide chigaro chakagadzirirwa kuchengetedza saizi yekunze yakafanana neyepasi rose. Izvi zvinobvumira kuisirwa kweiyo shanu-axis inorema-basa rekucheka slide pasina kuda shanduko kune crossbeam kana zvimwe zvakakura zvimiro zvikamu, ukuwo ichigutsa kuomarara zvinodiwa. Pamusoro pezvo, kuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hwekugadzirisa tekinoroji kwakawedzera huchokwadi hwekugadzira zvigaro zvecrossbeam slide. Iri rudzi rwekugadzirisa kwekugadzirisa, pamwe chete nemaitiro ayo ekugadzirisa, anokurudzirwa kusimudzirwa uye kushandiswa mukati meindastiri.
1. Nhanganyaya
Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti saizi yesimba uye torque inokanganisa chimiro chekuisa muchinjiko-chikamu cheshanu-axis musoro. Iyo danda inotsvedza chigaro, icho chine universal shanu-axis slide, inogona kubatanidzwa kune universal modular beam kuburikidza nemutsara njanji. Nekudaro, iyo yekumisikidza muchinjiko-chikamu chepamusoro-simba uye yakakwirira-torque shanu-akisi inorema-basa rekucheka siraidhi inodarika 30% yakakura kupfuura iyo yakajairwa universal slide.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, kuvandudzwa kunodiwa mukugadzirwa kwebeam slide seat. Chinhu chakakosha chekuvandudza mukugadzirisa uku ndiko kugona kugovera danda rimwechete nechigaro chesimbi chinotsvedza chepasirese shanu-axis slide. Iyi nzira inofambisa kuvakwa kwe modular platform. Pamusoro pezvo, inosimudzira kuomarara kune imwe nhanho, inopfupisa kutenderera kwekugadzira, inoderedza zvakanyanya mutengo wekugadzira, uye inobvumira kuchinjika kuri nani kune shanduko yemusika.
Nhanganyaya kune chimiro cheyakajairwa batch-mhando danda inotsvedza chigaro
Iyo yakajairwa shanu-axis system inonyanya kuve nezvikamu zvakakura senge bhenji rekushanda, chigaro chenjanji, danda, danda rekutsvedza chigaro, uye mashanu-axis slide. Iyi nhaurirano inotarisa pachimiro chekutanga chechigaro chesimbi inotsvedza, sezvinoratidzwa muMufananidzo 1. Maseti maviri ezvigaro zvemasiraidhi ane symmetrical uye ane mahwendefa epamusoro, epakati, uye epasi, anokwana zvikamu zvisere. Idzi zvigaro zvemasiraidhi zvakaenzanirana zvinotarisana uye zvinobatanidza mahwendefa ekutsigira pamwe chete, zvichiita kuti pave nechigaro che "muromo"-chakaita sedanda chine chimiro chekumbundira (tarisa kumusoro kwemufananidzo 1). Zviyero zvinoratidzwa mumaonero makuru zvinomiririra mafambiro edanda, nepo zviyero zviri kuruboshwe zvakakoshera kubatana nedanda uye zvinofanirwa kutevedzera kushivirira chaiko.
Kubva pamaonero emunhu ega danda inotsvedza chigaro, kufambisa kugadzirisa, mapoka matanhatu ekumusoro neakadzika enzvimbo yekubatanidza inotsvedza pa “I” shape junction — ine yakafara pamusoro uye nhete yepakati — inonangana pane imwechete yekugadzirisa. Urongwa uhwu hunoita kuti hutsananguro hwakasiyana-siyana hwemadimensional uye geometric huwanikwe kuburikidza nekugadzirisa zvakanaka. Mapoka epamusoro, epakati, uye epasi emapuleti ekutsigira anongoshanda serutsigiro rwechimiro, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore uye zvinoshanda. Iwo emuchinjika-chikamu mativi eiyo mashanu-axis siraidhi, yakagadzirwa neyakajairwa enveloping chimiro, parizvino 420 mm × 420 mm. Pamusoro pezvo, zvikanganiso zvinogona kumuka panguva yekugadziriswa uye kusangana kweiyo-axis slide shanu. Kugadzirisa zvigadziriso zvekupedzisira, mahwendefa epamusoro, epakati, uye epasi ekutsigira anofanirwa kuchengetedza maburi munzvimbo yakavharwa, ayo anozozadzwa nejekiseni molding kugadzira yakaomeswa yakavharwa-loop chimiro. Aya magadzirirwo anogona kuunza zvikanganiso, kunyanya mune enveloping crossbeam slide seat, sezvakaratidzwa muFigure 1. Iwo maviri chaiwo madiki e 1050 mm uye 750 mm akakosha pakubatanidza nemuchinjikwa.
Zvinoenderana nemisimboti yekugadzira modular, zviyero izvi hazvigone kuchinjwa kuitira kuchengetedza kuenderana, izvo zvinorambidza zvisina kunanga kuwedzera uye kuchinjika kweiyo crossbeam slide seat. Nepo gadziriso iyi inogona kusangana nezvinodiwa nevatengi mune mamwe misika kwechinguva, haienderane nezviri kukurumidza kubuda zvinodiwa pamusika nhasi.
Zvakanakira zvekuvandudza chimiro uye kugadzirisa tekinoroji
3.1 Nhanganyaya kune Innovative Structure
Kusimudzirwa kwekushandiswa kwemusika kwakapa vanhu kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwekugadzirwa kweaerospace. Kukura kuri kudiwa kweiyo torque yakakwirira uye simba repamusoro mune dzakanangana kugadzirisa zvikamu zvakamutsa maitiro matsva muindasitiri iyi. Mukupindura kudiwa uku, chigaro chitsva checrossbeam chinotsvedza chakagadzirirwa kushandiswa chine musoro-axis shanu uye chine chikamu chikuru chemuchinjiko chakagadzirwa. Chinangwa chikuru chedhizaini iyi ndechekugadzirisa matambudziko ane chekuita neanorema ekucheka maitiro anoda yakakwira torque uye simba.
Chimiro chitsva cheichi chitsva checrossbeam slide seat chinoratidzwa muMufananidzo 2. Inoisa muzvikamu zvakafanana kune universal slide uye ine seti mbiri dze symmetrical crossbeam zvigaro zvemasiraidhi, pamwe chete nemaseti maviri epamusoro, epakati, uye epasi ekutsigira mahwendefa, ese achigadzira yakazara embracing mhando chimiro.
Musiyano unokosha pakati pechigadzirwa chitsva uye chimiro chechinyakare chiri mukumisikidzwa kwechigaro chemuchinjikwa chinotsvedza uye mahwendefa ekutsigira, ayo akatenderedzwa ne90 ° zvichienzaniswa neyakajairwa magadzirirwo. Muchinyakare crossbeam masiraidhi zvigaro, mahwendefa ekutsigira anonyanya kushanda basa rinotsigira. Nekudaro, chimiro chitsva ichi chinosanganisa masiraidhi ekumisikidza nzvimbo pane ese epamusoro uye ezasi mahwendefa erutsigiro eiyo crossbeam slide chigaro, ichigadzira yakapatsanurwa chimiro chakasiyana neiyo yakajairika modhi. Iyi dhizaini inobvumira kukwenenzverwa uye kugadziridzwa kwekumusoro uye kuzasi kutsvedza nzvimbo dzekubatanidza kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti icoplanar ine inotsvedza yekubatanidza pamusoro pechigaro chemuchinjikwa chinotsvedza.
Chimiro chikuru chave kuumbwa nezvigaro zviviri zve symmetrical crossbeam slide zvigaro, zvine mahwendefa epamusoro, epakati, uye ezasi anotsigira akarongwa muchimiro che "T", chine pamusoro wakapamhama uye pasi padiki. Zviyero zve1160mm uye 1200mm kuruboshwe rweMufananidzo 2 zvinotambanuka munzira yekufamba kwemuchinjiko, nepo kiyi yakagovaniswa zviyero zve1050mm uye 750mm zvichiramba zvichienderana neiyo yeyakajairwa crossbeam slide chigaro.
Iyi dhizaini inobvumira iyo nyowani crossbeam slide chigaro kuti igovane zvizere yakafanana yakavhurika crossbeam seyakajairwa vhezheni. Iyo patented process inoshandiswa kune iyi nyowani crossbeam slide chigaro inosanganisira kuzadza uye kuomesa mukaha pakati pendiro yekutsigira uye crossbeam inotsvedza chigaro uchishandisa jekiseni rekugadzira, nekudaro kugadzira yakakosha yekumbundira chimiro chinogona kugarisa 600mm x 600mm shanu-axis inorema-basa rekucheka masiraidhi. .
Sezvinoratidzwa mukuona kwekuruboshwe kweMufananidzo 2, iyo yepamusoro uye yepasi inotsvedza yekubatanidza pamusoro peiyo crossbeam slide chigaro chinochengetedza shanu-akisi inorema-basa rekucheka siraidhi inogadzira kupatsanurwa chimiro. Nekuda kwezvingangoitika zvikanganiso zvekugadzirisa, iyo inotsvedza nzvimbo yekumisikidza uye mamwe dimensional uye geometric echokwadi maficha anogona kusarara pane imwechete yakachinjika ndege, zvichikanganisa kugadzirisa. Nekuda kweizvi, nzira dzakakodzera dzekuvandudza dzakaitwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekukodzera kwegungano kweichi chimiro chekupatsanura.
3.2 Coplanar Grinding Process Tsananguro
Iyo semi-yekupedzisira yeimwe danda inotsvedza chigaro inopedzwa nemuchina wekugaya chaiwo, ichisiya chete mvumo yekupedzisa. Inoda kutsanangurwa pano, uye chete kupedzisa kugaya kunotsanangurwa zvakadzama. Iyo chaiyo yekukuya inotsanangurwa sezvinotevera.
1) Zvigaro zviviri zvakaenzanirana simbi inotsvedza zviri pasi pekugaya-chidimbu chereferensi. Chishandiso chinoratidzwa muMufananidzo 3. Nzvimbo yekupedzisa, inodaidzwa senzvimbo A, inoshanda senzvimbo yekumisikidza uye inosungirirwa paguyo renjanji. Iyo referensi inotakura nzvimbo B uye maitiro ereferensi yepasi C ivhu kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti iwo dimensional uye geometric huchokwadi zvinosangana nezvinodiwa zvakatsanangurwa mudhirowa.
2) Kugadzirisa dambudziko rekugadzirisa kukanganisa kusiri-coplanar muchimiro chataurwa pamusoro apa, takanyatso gadzira ina yakagadzika tsigiro yakaenzana-urefu bhuroka maturusi uye maviri epasi anotsigira akaenzana-urefu block maturusi. Kukosha kwe300 mm kwakakosha kune zviyero zvakaenzana zvehurefu uye hunofanirwa kugadziriswa zvinoenderana nezvinopihwa mudhirowa kuti ive nehurefu hwakafanana. Izvi zvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 4.
3) Maseti maviri e symmetrical beam masiraidhi zvigaro zvinosungirirwa pamwe chete chiso nechiso vachishandisa yakakosha turusi (ona Mufananidzo 5). Maseti mana eakagadzika mabhuroko erutsigiro ehurefu hwakaenzana akabatana nezvigaro zvekutsvedza danda kuburikidza nemaburi avo anokwira. Uyezve, maviri seti maviri epasi ekutsigira mabhuroki ehurefu hwakaenzana anoyerwa uye anogadziriswa pamwe chete nereferensi inotakura nzvimbo B uye process reference surface C. Iyi setup inovimbisa kuti ese ese maviri esymmetrical beam slide zvigaro zvakamiswa pahupamhi hwakaenzana maererano ne inotakura nzvimbo B, ukuwo mareferensi epamusoro C achishandiswa kuona kuti zvigaro zvekutsvedza danda zvakamisikidzwa zvakanaka.
Mushure mekugadziriswa kwecoplanar kwapera, iyo inotsvedza yekubatanidza nzvimbo yeese seti yezvigaro zvemasiraidhi ichave coplanar. Kugadziriswa uku kunoitika mune imwechete pass kuvimbisa iwo dimensional uye geometric chokwadi.
Tevere, iyo gungano inopeperetswa kuti isungirire uye kuisa iyo yakambogadziriswa nzvimbo, ichibvumira kukuya kweimwe inotsvedza yekubatanidza pamusoro. Munguva yekukuya, iyo yese danda inotsvedza chigaro, yakachengetedzwa nechokushandisa, inogadzika mune imwechete pass. Iyi nzira inovimbisa kuti imwe neimwe inotsvedza yekubatanidza kumusoro inowana inodiwa coplanar hunhu.
Kuenzanisa uye kusimbiswa kweiyo static kuomarara yekuongorora data yebeam slide seat
4.1 Kukamurwa kwesimba rekugaya ndege
Mukucheka simbi, theCNC milling lathesimba panguva yekugaya ndege inogona kukamurwa kuita zvinhu zvitatu zvine tangential zvinoshanda pachishandiso. Aya echikamu masimba zviratidzo zvakakosha zvekuongorora kuomarara kwekucheka kwezvishandiso zvemuchina. Iyi theoretical data verification inoenderana neyakajairwa misimboti yekuomarara bvunzo. Kuongorora masimba anoshanda pachishandiso chemuchina, isu tinoshandisa inogumira chinhu chekuongorora nzira, iyo inotibvumira kushandura bvunzo dzinoshanda kuita ongororo dzedzidziso. Iyi nzira inoshandiswa kuongorora kana dhizaini yechigaro chesimbi inotsvedza chakakodzera.
4.2 Rondedzero yendege inorema yekucheka paramita
Mucheka dhayamita (d): 50 mm
Nhamba yemazino (z): 4
Spindle kumhanya (n): 1000 rpm
Feed speed (vc): 1500 mm/min
Milling width (ae): 50 mm
Kudzika kumashure kwekucheka kudzika (ap): 5 mm
Feed per revolution (ar): 1.5 mm
Zvokudya pazino (zve): 0.38 mm
Iyo tangential milling force (fz) inogona kuverengerwa uchishandisa iyo formula:
\[ fz = 9.81 \nguva 825 \nguva ap^{1.0} \nguva af^{0.75} \nguva ae^{1.1} \nguva d^{-1.3} \nguva n^{-0.2} \nguva z^{ 60^{-0.2}} \]
Izvi zvinoguma nechisimba che \( fz = 3963.15 \, N \).
Tichifunga nezve symmetrical uye asymmetrical milling zvinhu panguva yekugadzira machining, isu tine anotevera masimba:
- FPC (simba munzira ye X-axis): \( fpc = 0.9 \ nguva fz = 3566.84 \, N \)
- FCF (simba munzira yeZ-axis): \( fcf = 0.8 \nguva fz = 3170.52 \, N \)
- FP (simba munzira ye-Y-axis): \( fp = 0.9 \ nguva fz = 3566.84 \, N \)
Kupi:
- FPC ndiro simba riri munzira ye X-axis
- FCF ndiro simba riri munzira yeZ-axis
- FP isimba riri munzira yeY-axis
4.3 Finite element static analysis
Iwo maviri ekucheka mashanu-axis masiraidhi anoda modular kuvaka uye anofanirwa kugovera danda rimwe chete neinopindirana yekuvhura interface. Naizvozvo, kuomarara kwedanda rekutsvedza chigaro kwakakosha. Chero bedzi iyo danda inotsvedza chigaro isingaite yakawandisa kutamiswa, zvinogona kutariswa kuti danda nderepasirese. Kuti ive nechokwadi cheiyo static rigidity zvinodiwa, data rakakodzera rekucheka rinounganidzwa kuti riite inogumira chinhu chekuenzanisa ongororo pane kutamiswa kwechigaro chesimbi chinotsvedza.
Ongororo iyi ichaita panguva imwe chete inogumira chinhu static ongororo pane ese danda slide zvigaro magungano. Gwaro iri rinotarisa zvakanyanya pakuongorora kwakadzama kwechimiro chitsva chechigaro chesimbi chinotsvedza, tichisiya izvo zvakatsanangurwa zvekutanga kutsvedza chigaro chekuongorora. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kunyange zvazvo muchina wepasi rose we-axis shanu haugoni kubata kucheka kunorema, yakagadziriswa-angle-heavy-cutting inspections uye kugamuchirwa kwepamusoro-soro yekucheka kwezvikamu zve "S" zvinowanzoitwa panguva yekugamuchira miedzo. Iyo yekucheka torque uye simba rekucheka mune izvi zviitiko zvinogona kuenzaniswa neaya anorema kucheka.
Kubva pamakore eruzivo rwekushandisa uye mamiriro chaiwo ekutumira, iko kutenda kwemunyori kuti zvimwe zvikamu zvakakura zvepasi rose shanu-axis muchina zvinozadzisa zvizere zvinodikanwa zveanorema-kucheka kuramba. Naizvozvo, kuita ongororo yekuenzanisa zvese zvine musoro uye zvinogara zvichiitwa. Pakutanga, chikamu chega chega chinorerutswa nekubvisa kana kudzvanya maburi, radii, chamfers, uye nhanho diki dzinogona kukanganisa mesh kupatsanurwa. Izvo zvakakosha zvezvinhu zvechikamu chimwe nechimwe zvinowedzerwa, uye modhi yacho inounzwa kunze kweiyo simulation ye static ongororo.
Mune zvigadziriso zveparameter yekuongorora, data rakakosha chete senge misa uye simba ruoko rinochengetwa. Iyo yakakosha danda inotsvedza chigaro inosanganisirwa mune deformation yekuongorora, nepo zvimwe zvikamu senge chishandiso, mashanu-axis machining musoro, uye inorema-kucheka mashanu-axis slide inoonekwa seyakaomarara. Ongororo yacho inotarisa pane kuchinjika kweiyo danda slide chigaro pasi pemasimba ekunze. Mutoro wekunze unobatanidza simba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi, uye mativi matatu-dimensional simba rinoshandiswa kune mudziyo wekushandisa panguva imwe chete. Iro rekushandisa rinofanirwa kutsanangurwa pachine nguva sesimba rekurodha nzvimbo kuti idzokorore kureba kwechishandiso panguva yekugadzira, uku uchiona kuti siraidhi yakamira kumagumo eiyo machining axis kuti iwedzere kukwirisa, ichinyatso kutevedzera chaiwo machining mamiriro.
Thealuminium chikamus inobatanidzwa uchishandisa "global contact (-joint-)" nzira, uye mamiriro emuganhu anotangwa kuburikidza nemutsara kupatsanurwa. Nzvimbo yekubatanidza danda inofananidzirwa muMufananidzo 7, ine grid division inoratidzwa muChifananidzo 8. Iyo yakakura yeyuniti saizi ndeye 50 mm, iyo yakaderera unit saizi ndeye 10 mm, zvichikonzera huwandu hwe185,485 mayunitsi uye 367,989 node. Iyo yakazara gore inotamisa dhayagiramu inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 9, ukuwo matatu axial displacements muX, Y, uye Z mafambiro anoratidzwa muFigure 10 kusvika 12, zvichiteerana.
Iwo maviri ekucheka mashanu-axis masiraidhi anoda modular kuvaka uye anofanirwa kugovera danda rimwe chete neinopindirana yekuvhura interface. Naizvozvo, kuomarara kwedanda rekutsvedza chigaro kwakakosha. Chero bedzi iyo danda inotsvedza chigaro isingaite yakawandisa kutamiswa, zvinogona kutariswa kuti danda nderepasirese. Kuti ive nechokwadi cheiyo static rigidity zvinodiwa, data rakakodzera rekucheka rinounganidzwa kuti riite inogumira chinhu chekuenzanisa ongororo pane kutamiswa kwechigaro chesimbi chinotsvedza.
Ongororo iyi ichaita panguva imwe chete inogumira chinhu static ongororo pane ese danda slide zvigaro magungano. Gwaro iri rinotarisa zvakanyanya pakuongorora kwakadzama kwechimiro chitsva chechigaro chesimbi chinotsvedza, tichisiya izvo zvakatsanangurwa zvekutanga kutsvedza chigaro chekuongorora. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kunyange zvazvo muchina wepasi rose we-axis shanu haugoni kubata kucheka kunorema, yakagadziriswa-angle-heavy-cutting inspections uye kugamuchirwa kwepamusoro-soro yekucheka kwezvikamu zve "S" zvinowanzoitwa panguva yekugamuchira miedzo. Iyo yekucheka torque uye simba rekucheka mune izvi zviitiko zvinogona kuenzaniswa neaya anorema kucheka.
Kubva pamakore eruzivo rwekushandisa uye mamiriro chaiwo ekutumira, iko kutenda kwemunyori kuti zvimwe zvikamu zvakakura zvepasi rose shanu-axis muchina zvinozadzisa zvizere zvinodikanwa zveanorema-kucheka kuramba. Naizvozvo, kuita ongororo yekuenzanisa zvese zvine musoro uye zvinogara zvichiitwa. Pakutanga, chikamu chega chega chinorerutswa nekubvisa kana kudzvanya maburi, radii, chamfers, uye nhanho diki dzinogona kukanganisa mesh kupatsanurwa. Izvo zvakakosha zvezvinhu zvechikamu chimwe nechimwe zvinowedzerwa, uye modhi yacho inounzwa kunze kweiyo simulation ye static ongororo.
Mune zvigadziriso zveparameter yekuongorora, data rakakosha chete senge misa uye simba ruoko rinochengetwa. Iyo yakakosha danda inotsvedza chigaro inosanganisirwa mune deformation yekuongorora, nepo zvimwe zvikamu senge chishandiso, mashanu-axis machining musoro, uye inorema-kucheka mashanu-axis slide inoonekwa seyakaomarara. Ongororo yacho inotarisa pane kuchinjika kweiyo danda slide chigaro pasi pemasimba ekunze. Mutoro wekunze unobatanidza simba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi, uye mativi matatu-dimensional simba rinoshandiswa kune mudziyo wekushandisa panguva imwe chete. Iro rekushandisa rinofanirwa kutsanangurwa pachine nguva sesimba rekurodha nzvimbo kuti idzokorore kureba kwechishandiso panguva yekugadzira, uku uchiona kuti siraidhi yakamira kumagumo eiyo machining axis kuti iwedzere kukwirisa, ichinyatso kutevedzera chaiwo machining mamiriro.
Theprecision yakashandura zvikamuvanobatanidzwa vachishandisa nzira ye "global contact (-joint-)", uye mamiriro emuganhu anotangwa kuburikidza nekupatsanurwa kwemutsara. Nzvimbo yekubatanidza danda inofananidzirwa muMufananidzo 7, ine grid division inoratidzwa muChifananidzo 8. Iyo yakakura yeyuniti saizi ndeye 50 mm, iyo yakaderera unit saizi ndeye 10 mm, zvichikonzera huwandu hwe185,485 mayunitsi uye 367,989 node. Iyo yakazara gore inotamisa dhayagiramu inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 9, ukuwo matatu axial displacements muX, Y, uye Z mafambiro anoratidzwa muFigure 10 kusvika 12, zvichiteerana.
Mushure mekuongorora data, cloud chart yakapfupikiswa uye yakaenzaniswa muTebhu 1. Zvose zvakakosha zviri mukati me 0.01 mm yeumwe neumwe. Zvichienderana nedata iri uye ruzivo rwepamberi, isu tinotenda kuti crossbeam haizosangana nekukanganiswa kana deformation, zvichibvumira kushandiswa kweyakajairwa crossbeam mukugadzira. Kutevera kuongororwa kwehunyanzvi, chimiro ichi chakabvumidzwa kugadzirwa uye chakabudirira kupasa simbi yekucheka bvunzo. Yese bvunzo dzechokwadi dze "S" zvidimbu zvebvunzo dzakasangana nezvinodiwa.
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Nguva yekutumira: Nov-06-2024