1. Quenching
1. Menene quenching?
Quenching tsari ne na maganin zafi da ake amfani da shi don ƙarfe. A cikin wannan tsari, ana yin zafi da ƙarfe zuwa zafin jiki sama da zafin jiki mai mahimmanci Ac3 (don ƙarfe na hypereutectoid) ko Ac1 (don ƙarfe na hypereutectoid). Ana adana shi a cikin wannan zafin jiki na ɗan lokaci don cikakken ko wani ɓangare na inganta karfe, sannan a sanyaya da sauri zuwa ƙasa da Ms (ko kuma ana riƙe shi kusa da Ms) a yanayin sanyaya sama da ƙimar sanyaya mai mahimmanci don canza shi zuwa martensite ( ko bainite). Hakanan ana amfani da Quenching don ingantaccen magani mai ƙarfi da saurin sanyaya kayan aiki kamar gami da aluminium, gami da jan ƙarfe, gami da titanium, da gilashin zafin jiki.
2. Manufar quenching:
1) Inganta kayan aikin ƙarfe na samfuran ƙarfe ko sassa. Misali, yana haɓaka taurin kai da juriya na kayan aiki, bearings, da dai sauransu, yana ƙara ƙarancin maɓuɓɓugan ruwa, yana haɓaka kayan aikin injin gabaɗaya na sassan shaft, da sauransu.
2) Don haɓaka kayan ko sinadarai na takamaiman nau'ikan ƙarfe, kamar haɓaka juriya na baƙin ƙarfe ko haɓaka ƙarfin maganadisu na dindindin na ƙarfe, yana da mahimmanci don zaɓar kafofin watsa labarai na kashewa a hankali kuma amfani da madaidaiciyar hanyar quenching yayin quenching da sanyaya tsari. Hanyoyin quenching da aka fi amfani da su sun haɗa da quenching ruwa-ɗaya, quenching mai ruwa biyu, quenching mai daraja, quenching isothermal, da quenching na gida. Kowace hanya tana da takamaiman aikace-aikace da fa'idodi.
3. Bayan quenching, karfe workpieces nuna da wadannan halaye:
- Tsarukan da ba su da ƙarfi kamar martensite, bainite, da sauran austenite suna nan.
- Akwai babban damuwa na ciki.
- The inji Properties ba su hadu da bukatun. Saboda haka, karfe workpieces yawanci sha tempering bayan quenching.
2. Haushi
1. Menene fushi?
Tempering wani tsari ne na maganin zafi wanda ya ƙunshi dumama kayan ƙarfe da aka kashe ko sassa zuwa wani takamaiman zafin jiki, kiyaye zafin jiki na wani ɗan lokaci, sannan sanyaya su ta takamaiman hanya. Tempering ana yin shi nan da nan bayan quenching kuma shine yawanci mataki na ƙarshe a cikin maganin zafi na workpiece. Haɗin tsarin quenching da tempering ana kiransa magani na ƙarshe.
2. Manyan dalilai na quenching da tempering su ne:
- Zazzaɓi yana da mahimmanci don rage damuwa na ciki da raguwa a cikin sassan da aka kashe. Idan ba a yi fushi a kan lokaci ba, waɗannan sassa na iya lalacewa ko fashe saboda tsananin damuwa da ɓarna da ke haifarwa ta hanyar quenching.
- Hakanan za'a iya amfani da tempering don daidaita kayan aikin injiniya na kayan aiki, kamar taurin, ƙarfi, filastik, da tauri, don saduwa da buƙatun aiki daban-daban.
- Bugu da ƙari, zafin jiki yana taimakawa daidaita girman kayan aikin ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa babu nakasawa da ke faruwa yayin amfani na gaba, yayin da yake daidaita tsarin ƙarfe.
- Tempering kuma na iya haɓaka aikin yankan wasu ƙarfe na gami.
3. Matsayin fushi shine:
Domin tabbatar da cewa workpiece ya kasance barga kuma ba shi da wani canji na tsarin yayin amfani, yana da mahimmanci don inganta kwanciyar hankali na tsarin. Wannan ya haɗa da kawar da damuwa na ciki, wanda hakan yana taimakawa wajen daidaita ma'auni na geometric da inganta aikin aikin. Bugu da ƙari, zafin jiki na iya taimakawa daidaita kayan aikin ƙarfe don biyan takamaiman buƙatun amfani.
Tempering yana da waɗannan tasirin saboda lokacin da zafin jiki ya tashi, ana haɓaka aikin atomic, yana barin atom ɗin ƙarfe, carbon, da sauran abubuwan gami da ke cikin ƙarfe suyi saurin yaduwa. Wannan yana ba da damar sake tsara zarra, canza tsarin da ba shi da kyau, mara daidaituwa zuwa ingantaccen tsari, daidaitacce.
Lokacin da karfe yana da zafi, taurin da ƙarfi suna raguwa yayin da filastik yana ƙaruwa. Girman waɗannan canje-canje a cikin kayan aikin injiniya ya dogara da yanayin zafin jiki, tare da yanayin zafi mai girma wanda ke haifar da manyan canje-canje. A cikin wasu karafa masu yawa tare da babban abun ciki na abubuwan haɗakarwa, haɓakawa a cikin takamaiman yanayin zafin jiki na iya haifar da hazo na mahaɗan ƙarfe masu kyau. Wannan yana ƙara ƙarfi da tauri, al'amarin da aka sani da taurin sakandare.
Bukatun zafin jiki: Daban-dabaninji sassana buƙatar zafi a yanayin zafi daban-daban don saduwa da takamaiman buƙatun amfani. Anan akwai shawarar yanayin zafi don nau'ikan kayan aiki daban-daban:
1. Yanke kayan aikin, bearings, carburized da quenched sassa, da kuma saman quenched sassa yawanci zafi a ƙasa da 250 ° C. Wannan tsari yana haifar da ɗan ƙaramin canji a cikin taurin, rage damuwa na ciki, da ɗan inganta tauri.
2. Maɓuɓɓugan ruwa suna da zafi a matsakaicin yanayin zafi daga 350-500 ° C don cimma matsayi mafi girma da mahimmancin tauri.
3. Sassan da aka yi da matsakaicin-carbon structural karfe suna yawanci zafi a yanayin zafi na 500-600 ° C don samun ingantaccen haɗin ƙarfi da tauri.
Lokacin da karfe yana da zafi a kusa da 300 ° C, zai iya zama mafi raguwa, al'amari da aka sani da nau'in tashin hankali na farko. Gabaɗaya, bai kamata a yi fushi a cikin wannan kewayon zafin jiki ba. Wasu karafa masu matsakaicin-carbon alloy suma suna da saurin karyewa idan an sanyaya su a hankali zuwa zafin daki bayan zafin zafin jiki, wanda aka sani da nau'in tashin hankali na biyu. Ƙara molybdenum zuwa karfe ko sanyaya a cikin mai ko ruwa yayin zafin jiki na iya hana nau'in fushi na biyu. Maimaita nau'i na biyu na karafa mai zafin jiki zuwa ainihin zafin zafin jiki na iya kawar da wannan gaggautsa.
A cikin samarwa, zaɓin zafin zafin jiki ya dogara da buƙatun aikin aikin. Ana rarraba zafin jiki dangane da yanayin zafi daban-daban zuwa yanayin zafi mai zafi, matsakaicin zafin jiki, da zafi mai zafi. Tsarin maganin zafi wanda ya haɗa da quenching wanda ya biyo bayan yanayin zafi mai zafi ana kiransa da zafi, yana haifar da ƙarfin ƙarfi, filastik mai kyau, da tauri.
- Ƙananan zafin jiki: 150-250 ° C, M zafi. Wannan tsari yana rage damuwa na ciki da raguwa, yana inganta filastik da tauri, kuma yana haifar da taurin mafi girma da juriya. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da shi don yin kayan aikin aunawa, kayan aikin yankan, birgima, da sauransu.
- Matsakaici-zazzabi: 350-500C, T zafi. Wannan tsari na zafin jiki yana haifar da mafi girma elasticity, wasu filastik, da taurin. An fi amfani da shi don kera maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ƙirƙira ya mutu, da sauransu.
- Zazzabi mai zafi: 500-650 ° C, S tempering. Wannan tsari yana haifar da ingantattun kaddarorin inji kuma galibi ana amfani dashi don yin gears, crankshafts, da sauransu.
3. daidaitawa
1. Menene normalizing?
Thecnc tsarina daidaitawa shine maganin zafi da ake amfani dashi don haɓaka taurin ƙarfe. Ana ɗora ɓangaren ƙarfe zuwa zafin jiki tsakanin 30 zuwa 50 ° C sama da zafin AC3, ana riƙe shi a wannan zafin na wani ɗan lokaci, sannan iska ya sanyaya a wajen tanderun. Daidaitawa ya ƙunshi saurin sanyaya fiye da sanyaya amma a hankali sanyaya fiye da quenching. Wannan tsari yana haifar da ingantattun hatsin kristal a cikin ƙarfe, haɓaka ƙarfi, ƙarfi (kamar yadda ƙimar AKV ta nuna), da rage halayen ɓangaren don fashe. Normalizing iya muhimmanci inganta m inji Properties na low-alloy zafi birgima karfe faranti, low-alloy karfe forgings, da simintin gyaran kafa, kazalika da inganta yankan yi.
2. Normalizing yana da dalilai da amfani masu zuwa:
1. Ƙarfe na Hypereutectoid: Ana amfani da daidaitawa don kawar da tsattsauran ra'ayi mai tsanani da kuma tsarin Widmanstaten a cikin simintin gyare-gyare, ƙirƙira, da walƙiya, da kuma tsarin banded a cikin kayan birgima. Yana tace hatsi kuma ana iya amfani dashi azaman maganin zafin jiki kafin ya mutu.
2. Karfe Hypereutectoid: Normalizing zai iya kawar da cementite na biyu na cibiyar sadarwa da kuma tsaftace pearlite, inganta kayan aikin injiniya da kuma sauƙaƙe ƙaddamarwa na spheroidizing na gaba.
3. Low-carbon, faranti na bakin ciki mai zurfi mai zurfi: Normalizing zai iya kawar da siminti kyauta a iyakar hatsi, inganta aikin zane mai zurfi.
4. Low-carbon karfe da low-carbon low-alloy karfe: Normalizing iya samun finer, flaky pearlite Tsarin, kara taurin zuwa HB140-190, guje wa "sanko wuka" sabon abu a lokacin yankan, da kuma inganta machinability. A cikin yanayi inda za'a iya amfani da daidaitawa da annealing don matsakaicin-carbon karfe, daidaitawa ya fi dacewa da tattalin arziki da dacewa.
5. Talakawa matsakaici-carbon tsarin karfe: Normalizing za a iya amfani da maimakon quenching da high-zazzabi tempering lokacin da high inji Properties ba a bukata, yin tsari sauki da kuma tabbatar da barga karfe tsarin da size.
6. High-zazzabi normalizing (150-200 ° C sama da Ac3): Rage sassa na simintin gyaran kafa da forgings saboda babban yaduwa kudi a high yanayin zafi. Za a iya tace ƙananan hatsi ta hanyar daidaitawa na biyu na gaba a ƙananan zafin jiki.
7. Low- da matsakaici-carbon alloy steels da aka yi amfani da su a cikin turbines turbines da boilers: Normalizing ana amfani da shi don samun tsarin bainite, wanda ke biye da zafin jiki mai zafi don kyakkyawan juriya mai rarrafe a 400-550 ° C.
8. Baya ga sassan karfe da kayan ƙarfe, ana amfani da al'ada sosai a cikin maganin zafi na ductile baƙin ƙarfe don samun matrix pearlite da kuma inganta ƙarfin ƙarfe na ductile. Halayen daidaitawa sun haɗa da sanyaya iska, don haka yanayin yanayin zafi, hanyar tarawa, kwararar iska, da girman aikin duk suna da tasiri akan tsari da aiki bayan daidaitawa. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da tsarin daidaitawa azaman hanyar rarrabuwa don gami da ƙarfe. Yawanci, gami da ƙarfe ana rarrabasu zuwa ƙarfe na pearlite, ƙarfe bainite, ƙarfe martensite, da ƙarfe austenite, gwargwadon tsarin da aka samu ta hanyar sanyaya iska bayan dumama samfurin tare da diamita na 25 mm zuwa 900 ° C.
4. Annealing
1. Menene annealing?
Annealing tsari ne na maganin zafi don karfe. Ya haɗa da dumama ƙarfe a hankali zuwa wani takamaiman zafin jiki, kiyaye shi a wannan zafin na wani ɗan lokaci, sannan a sanyaya shi a daidai ƙimar da ta dace. Za a iya rarraba ɓarna zuwa cikakkiyar ɓarna, rashin cikawa, da kawar da damuwa. Ana iya tantance kaddarorin injiniyoyi na kayan da aka toshe ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen juriya ko gwaje-gwajen taurin. Ana ba da karafa da yawa a cikin jihar da aka rufe. Ana iya ƙididdige taurin ƙarfe ta amfani da mai gwajin taurin Rockwell, wanda ke auna taurin HRB. Don ƙananan faranti na ƙarfe, ƙwanƙolin ƙarfe, da bututun ƙarfe na bakin ciki, ana iya amfani da ma'aunin taurin dutsen Rockwell don auna taurin HRT.
2. Manufar annealing shine:
- Haɓaka ko kawar da lahani iri-iri da sauran matsalolin da ƙarfe ke haifarwa a cikin simintin gyare-gyare, ƙirƙira, birgima, da walda don hana nakasawa da tsagewar.mutu simintin sassa.
- Tausasa kayan aikin don yankan.
- Tace da hatsi da kuma inganta tsarin don bunkasa inji Properties na workpiece.
- Shirya tsarin don maganin zafi na ƙarshe (quenching da tempering).
3. Hanyoyi na warware matsalar gama gari sune:
① Cikakken annealing.
Don haɓaka kaddarorin injina na matsakaici da ƙananan ƙarfe na carbon bayan simintin gyare-gyare, ƙirƙira, da walda, ya zama dole a tace tsarin da aka yi zafi sosai. Tsarin ya haɗa da dumama kayan aikin zuwa zafin jiki na 30-50 ℃ sama da batu wanda duk ferrite ya canza zuwa austenite, yana kiyaye wannan zafin jiki na ɗan lokaci, sannan a hankali sanyaya aikin a cikin tanderun. Yayin da aikin aikin ya yi sanyi, austenite zai sake canzawa, yana haifar da ingantaccen tsarin karfe.
② Spheroidizing annealing.
Don rage girman taurin kayan aiki da ƙarfe bayan ƙirƙira, kuna buƙatar dumama kayan aikin zuwa zafin jiki wanda shine 20-40 ℃ sama da ma'anar da ƙarfe zai fara samar da austenite, kiyaye shi dumi, sannan kwantar da shi a hankali. Yayin da aikin aikin ya yi sanyi, siminti na lamellar a cikin pearlite yana juya zuwa siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar zuwa girman girman girman .
③ Annealing isothermal.
Ana amfani da wannan tsari don rage yawan taurin wasu ƙarfe na ƙirar gami tare da babban nickel da abun ciki na chromium don yanke sarrafawa. Yawanci, karfe yana da sauri sanyaya zuwa mafi m zafin jiki na austenite sa'an nan kuma rike a dumi zafi na wani takamaiman lokaci. Wannan yana sa austenite ya canza zuwa troostite ko sorbite, yana haifar da raguwar taurin.
④ Recrystallization annealing.
Ana amfani da tsarin don rage taurin wayoyi na ƙarfe da faranti na bakin ciki waɗanda ke faruwa a lokacin zane mai sanyi da jujjuyawar sanyi. Karfe yana mai zafi zuwa zafin jiki wanda shine gabaɗaya 50-150 ℃ ƙasa da wurin da karfe ya fara samar da austenite. Wannan yana ba da damar kawar da tasirin aiki-hardening da kuma taushi karfe.
⑤ Haɓaka zane-zane.
Domin a canza simintin ƙarfe tare da babban abun ciki na siminti zuwa ƙarfe na ƙarfe mai ƙirƙira tare da filastik mai kyau, tsarin ya haɗa da dumama simintin zuwa kusan 950 ° C, kiyaye wannan zafin na wani takamaiman lokaci, sannan a sanyaya shi da kyau don rushe simintin kuma haifar da flocculent graphite.
⑥ Yaduwa annealing.
Ana amfani da tsarin don fitar da sinadarai na simintin gyare-gyaren gami da haɓaka aikinsu. Hanyar ta ƙunshi dumama simintin gyaran kafa zuwa mafi girman zafin jiki ba tare da narkewa ba, kiyaye wannan zafin na tsawon lokaci, sannan a sanyaya shi a hankali. Wannan yana ba da damar abubuwa daban-daban a cikin gami don yaduwa kuma su zama iri ɗaya.
⑦ Taimakawa damuwa annealing.
Ana amfani da wannan tsari don rage damuwa na ciki a cikin simintin ƙarfe da sassa na walda. Don samfuran ƙarfe waɗanda ke fara ƙirƙirar austenite bayan dumama a zazzabi na 100-200 ℃ a ƙasa, yakamata a kiyaye su dumi sannan a sanyaya su cikin iska don kawar da damuwa na ciki.
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