Injin yana aiki har tsawon rayuwa, menene ma'anar 4.4 da 8.8 akan kusoshi?

Bayan aiki a matsayin na'ura na shekaru masu yawa, dole ne ka san ma'anar lakabin a kan sukurori, daidai?

A yi maki na kusoshi ga karfe tsarin dangane sun kasu kashi fiye da goma maki, kamar 3.6, 4.6, 4.8, 5.6, 6.8, 8.8, 9.8, 10.9, 12.9, da dai sauransu Daga cikin su, da sa 8.8 da kuma sama kusoshi an yi. na ƙaramin carbon alloy ko matsakaici-carbon karfe kuma ana magance zafi (quenching, tempering), wanda aka fi sani da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi; Sauran an fi saninsu da bolts na yau da kullun. Alamar aikin bolt ɗin ta ƙunshi lambobi biyu, wanda ke wakiltar ƙimar ƙarfin ƙarfi na ƙima da rabon abin da aka samu a kusoshi, bi da bi.Kwai:
Bolts na kadara ajin 4.6 yana nufin:
Ƙarfin ƙarancin ƙima na kayan ƙwanƙwasa ya kai 400MPa;
Matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa na kayan kwalliya shine 0.6;
Ƙarfin yawan amfanin ƙasa na abin rufewa shine 400 × 0.6 = 240MPa.
Matsayin aiki mai ƙarfi 10.9, bayan jiyya mai zafi, na iya cimma:
Ƙarfin ƙarancin ƙima na kayan ƙwanƙwasa ya kai 1000MPa;
Matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa na kayan kwalliya shine 0.9;
Ƙarfin yawan amfanin ƙasa na abin rufewa shine 1000 × 0.9 = 900MPa.

Ma'anar darajar aikin bolt shine ma'auni na duniya. Ba tare da la'akari da bambanci a cikin kayan aiki da asali ba, ƙuƙuka na nau'in wasan kwaikwayon iri ɗaya suna da aikin iri ɗaya, kuma kawai ƙimar aikin za a iya zaɓar a cikin ƙira.
Abin da ake kira 8.8 da 10.9 ƙarfin maki yana nufin cewa juriya na juriya na kullun shine 8.8GPa da 10.9GPa
8.8 Ƙarfin tensile na ƙima 800N/MM2 Ƙarfin yawan amfanin ƙasa 640N/MM2
Gabaɗaya bolts suna amfani da "XY" don nuna ƙarfi, X*100=ƙarfin ƙarfin wannan kusoshi, X*100*(Y/10)=ƙarfin ƙarfin wannan abin rufewa (saboda bisa ga ƙa'idodi: ƙarfin samar da ƙarfi / ƙarfi = Y /10)
Alal misali, a cikin digiri 4.8, ƙarfin juzu'i na wannan kusoshi shine 400MPa; Ƙarfin yawan amfanin ƙasa shine 400*8/10=320MPa.
Wani: bakin karfe bolts yawanci alama kamar A4-70 da A2-70; an bayyana ma'anar in ba haka ba.
auna
Akwai ma'aunin tsakiya guda biyu na ma'aunin tsayi a duniya a yau: daya shine tsarin awo, da na'urar auna mita (m), santimita (cm), millimeters (mm), da dai sauransu. jinsin shine tsarin mulkin mallaka, kuma naúrar ma'auni galibi inci ne, wanda yayi daidai da inci kasuwa na tsohon tsarin a ƙasata. Ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin Amurka, Burtaniya, da sauran ƙasashen Turai da Amurka.
Ma'aunin awo: (dicimal) 1m = 100 cm = 1000 mm
Girman daular: (tsarin 8) 1 inch = 8 cents 1 inch = 25.4 mm 3/8 × 25.4 = 9.52
Kayayyakin da ke ƙasa da 1/4 suna amfani da lambar serial don nuna diamita na kiran su, kamar: 4#, biyar #, shida #, bakwai #, takwas #, goma #, 12#

zaren
Zare siffa ce mai kamanceceniya da fitowar sararin sama a kan ɓangaren giciye na ƙaƙƙarfan saman waje ko na ciki. Dangane da sifofin tsarinsa da amfaninsa, ana iya raba shi gida uku:
Zare na yau da kullun: Siffar haƙora tana da kusurwa uku kuma ana amfani da ita don haɗawa ko ɗaure sassa. Zare na yau da kullun ya kasu kashi biyu: zare mara nauyi da zare mai kyau, gwargwadon farar, kuma ƙarfin haɗin zaren ya fi girma.
Zaren watsawa: Akwai trapezoidal, rectangular, saw-siffar, d, da siffofi na hakori triangular.
Zare mai hatimi: ana amfani da shi don haɗa haɗin gwiwa, galibi zaren bututu, zaren da aka ɗora, da zaren bututun da aka ɗora.
Tsara ta siffa:

Zaren dacewa aji

Zaren da ya dace shine girman sako-sako ko matsatsi tsakanin zaren da aka zare, kuma matakin dacewa shine ƙayyadaddun haɗe-haɗe da juriya da ke aiki akan zaren ciki da waje.
1. Domin haɗin zaren inci ɗaya, akwai maki uku don zaren waje: 1A, 2A, da 3A, da uku don zaren ciki: 1B, 2B, da 3B, waɗanda duk sun dace. Mafi girman lambar ƙididdiga, ƙara ƙarfin dacewa. A cikin zaren inch, an ƙayyade karkacewar don maki 1A da 2A kawai, karkacewar sa 3A sifili ne, kuma karkacewar maki na maki 1A da 2A daidai yake. Mafi girman adadin matakan, ƙaramin haƙuri.
Azuzuwan 1A da 1B, azuzuwan haƙuri maras kyau, waɗanda suka dace da juriyar juriya na zaren ciki da na waje.
Maki 2A da 2B sune mafi yawan makin jurewar zaren da aka kayyade don jerin inci na injina.
Maki 3A da 3B, an dunƙule tare don samar da mafi ƙunci, sun dace da maɗaurin haƙuri kuma ana amfani da su cikin ƙira mai mahimmancin aminci.
Don zaren waje, maki 1A da 2A suna da juriya mai dacewa; daraja 3A ba. Haƙurin 1A shine 50% ya fi girma fiye da haƙurin 2A kuma 75% ya fi girma fiye da haƙurin 3A. Don zaren ciki, haƙurin 2B shine 30% ya fi girma fiye da haƙurin 2A. Class 1B ya fi 50% girma fiye da Class 2B da 75% girma fiye da Class 3 B.
2. Metric zaren: suna da maki uku don zaren waje: 4h, h, 6, 6g, da uku don zaren ciki: 5H, 6H, da 7H. (Ma'aunin daidaiton ma'aunin zaren Jafananci ya kasu zuwa maki uku: I, II, da III, yawanci aji II.) A cikin ma'aunin ma'auni, ainihin karkatar da H da h ba kome ba ne. Bambancin farko na G yana da inganci, kuma ainihin karkacewar e, f, da g mara kyau ne.
H matsayi ne na gama gari na juriya don zaren ciki kuma gabaɗaya ba a yi amfani da shi azaman rufin saman ko ana amfani da Layer phosphating. Ana amfani da ɓata na farko na matsayin G don lokuta na musamman, kamar suttura mai kauri, wanda ba kasafai ake amfani da shi ba.
g ana amfani da shi sau da yawa don suturar bakin ciki na 6-9um. Misali, zanen samfurin yana buƙatar ƙulli h shida, kuma zaren kafin plating yana amfani da yankin juriya na 6g.
Zaren da ya dace ya fi dacewa a haɗa shi cikin H/g, H/h, ko G/h. Don zaren maɗauri mai ladabi kamar kusoshi da goro, ƙayyadaddun yana ba da shawarar dacewa da 6H/6g.
3. Alamar zare
Babban ma'auni na geometric na zaren bugun kai da haƙowa kai
1. Babban diamita/diamita na haƙori na waje (d1): Shine diamita na cylindrical na hasashen daidaituwar igiyoyin zaren. Diamita na farko na zaren yana wakiltar diamita na girman zaren.
2. Ƙananan diamita / tushen diamita (d2): Diamita na silinda na tunanin inda tushen zaren ya zo daidai.
3. Nisan haƙori (p): nisa axial tsakanin haƙoran da ke kusa da su daidai da maki biyu akan tsakiyar meridian. A cikin tsarin sarauta, ana nuna farar da adadin hakora a kowane inch (25.4mm).
Mai zuwa yana lissafin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun farar (metric) da adadin haƙora (sarauta)
1) Matsakaicin kai:
Ƙayyadaddun bayanai: S T1.5, S T1.9, S T2.2, S T2.6, S T2.9, S T3.3, S T3.5, S T3.9, S T4.2, S T4. 8, S T5.5, S T6.3, S T8.0, S T9.5
Fitowa: 0.5, 0.6, 0.8, 0.9, 1.1, 1.3, 1.3, 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 1.8, 2.1, 2.1
2) Inci tatsin kai:
Bayani: 4#, 5#, 6#, 7#, 8#, 10#, 12#, 14#
Yawan hakora: AB hakora 24, 20, 20, 19, 18, 16, 14, 14
A hakori 24, 20, 18, 16, 15, 12, 11, 10