I. Mechanical Properties na karfe
1. Matsayin Haɓakawa (σ S)
Lokacin da aka shimfiɗa karfe ko samfurin, damuwa ya wuce iyaka na roba, kuma ko da matsa lamba bai kara karuwa ba, karfe ko samfurin zai ci gaba da fuskantar lalacewar filastik. Ana kiran wannan al'amari mai yawan amfanin ƙasa, kuma ma'anar yawan amfanin ƙasa shine mafi ƙarancin ƙimar damuwa lokacin da yawan amfanin ƙasa ya faru. Idan Ps shine ƙarfin waje a ma'aunin yawan amfanin ƙasa s kuma Fo shine yanki na giciye na samfurin, to, ma'anar yawan amfanin ƙasa σ S = Ps/Fo (MPa).
2. Ƙarfin Haɓaka (σ 0.2)
Mahimman amfanin wasu kayan ƙarfe ba a bayyane yake ba, kuma ba shi da sauƙi a auna su. Sabili da haka, don auna kaddarorin kayan amfanin ƙasa, an ƙulla cewa damuwa mai haifar da nakasar filastik ta dindindin daidai yake da takamaiman ƙima (gaba ɗaya 0.2% na tsayin asali), wanda ake kira ƙarfin yawan amfanin ƙasa ko ƙarfin samarwa. Ƙarfafa 0.2.
3. Ƙarfin Ƙarfi (σ B)
Matsakaicin danniya da abu ya samu yayin tashin hankali daga farkon zuwa lokacin da ya karye. Yana nuna ƙarfin ƙarfe akan karyewa. Daidai da ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfi, ƙarfin sassauƙa, da dai sauransu Saita Pb a matsayin matsakaicin ƙarfin ƙarfi kafin a cire kayan da Fo a matsayin yanki na giciye na samfurin, sannan ƙarfin ƙarfin σ B = Pb / Fo ( MPa).
4. Tsawaitawa (δ S)
Yawan adadin elongation na filastik na abu bayan karya zuwa tsawon samfurin asali ana kiransa elongation ko elongation.
5. Ƙarfin yawan amfanin ƙasa (σ S/ σ B)
Matsakaicin ma'aunin yawan amfanin ƙasa (ƙarfin amfanin ƙasa) na ƙarfe zuwa ƙarfin juzu'i ana kiran ƙimar ƙarfin amfanin ƙasa. Mafi girman rabo-ƙarfin yawan amfanin ƙasa, mafi girman amincin sassan tsarin. Matsakaicin ƙarfin yawan amfanin ƙasa na ƙarfe na ƙarfe na gabaɗaya shine 0.6-0.65, ƙaramin tsarin ƙarfe na ƙarfe shine 0.65-0.75, kuma ƙarfe tsarin ƙarfe shine 0.84-0.86.
6. Tauri
Taurin yana nuna juriyar kayan ga hadaddun abubuwa suna danna saman sa. Yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ma'auni na aikin ƙarfe na kayan aiki. Mafi girman taurin gaba ɗaya, mafi kyawun juriya na lalacewa. Alamomin taurin da aka saba amfani da su sune taurin Brinell, taurin Rockwell, da taurin Vickers.
1) Brinell Hardness (HB)
Ƙaƙƙarfan ƙwallan ƙarfe na ƙayyadaddun girman 10mm) ana matse su cikin saman kayan tare da takamaiman kaya (gaba ɗaya 3000kg) na ɗan lokaci. Bayan an sauke, ana kiran rabon kaya zuwa wurin da ake shigar da shi Brinell Hardness (HB).
2) Rockwell Hardness (HR)
Lokacin da HB>450 ko samfurin ya yi ƙanƙanta, ba za a iya amfani da ma'aunin taurin Rockwell maimakon gwajin taurin Brinell ba. Mazugi ne na lu'u-lu'u mai saman kusurwar digiri 120 ko ƙwallon ƙarfe mai diamita na 1.59 da 3.18 mm, wanda aka matse shi a cikin saman kayan a ƙarƙashin wasu kaya, kuma zurfin ciki yana ƙayyade taurin kayan. Akwai ma'auni daban-daban guda uku don nuna taurin kayan da aka gwada:
HRA: Taurin da aka samu tare da nauyin kilogiram 60 da mazugi na lu'u-lu'u-a cikin kayan da aka ƙera kamar siminti na siminti.
HRB: Taurin da aka samu ta hanyar taurare ƙwallon karfe mai nauyin 100kg da diamita na 1.58mm. Ana amfani da shi don kayan da ƙananan taurin (misali, ƙarfe da aka rufe, simintin ƙarfe, da sauransu).
HRC: Ana samun taurin ta amfani da nauyin kilogiram 150 da mazugi na lu'u lu'u-lu'u don kayan da ke da taurin gaske, kamar taurin karfe.
3) Vickers Hardness (HV)
Mazugi mai murabba'in lu'u-lu'u yana danna saman kayan tare da nauyin ƙasa da kilogiram 120 da babban kusurwar digiri 136. An ayyana ƙimar taurin Vickers (HV) ta hanyar rarraba saman faɗuwar abubuwan da aka samu ta hanyar ƙimar kaya.
II. Black Metals da Non-ferrous Metals
1. Karfe na Karfe
Yana refeNonferrouslloy na baƙin ƙarfe da baƙin ƙarfe. Irin su ƙarfe, ƙarfe na alade, ferroalloy, simintin ƙarfe, da dai sauransu. Karfe da baƙin ƙarfe na alade sune abubuwan da aka gina akan ƙarfe kuma an ƙara su da carbon. Ana kiran su gaba ɗaya FERROCARBON alloys.
Ƙarfe na alade ana yin ta ne ta hanyar narke baƙin ƙarfe a cikin tanderun fashewa, kuma ana amfani da shi musamman don yin ƙarfe da simintin gyare-gyare.
An narkar da baƙin ƙarfen simintin ƙarfe a cikin tanderun narkewar ƙarfe don samun simintin ƙarfe (irin ruwa mai abun ciki na carbon fiye da 2.11%). Zuba ruwa a cikin simintin ƙarfe, wanda ake kira simintin ƙarfe.
Ferroalloy wani abu ne na baƙin ƙarfe da abubuwa kamar silicon, manganese, chromium, da titanium. Ferroalloy yana daya daga cikin kayan da ake amfani da shi wajen yin karfe kuma ana amfani dashi azaman deoxidizer da ƙari ga abubuwan gami.
Karfe ana kiransa ƙarfe-carbon gami tare da abun ciki na carbon ƙasa da 2.11%. Ana samun ƙarfe ta hanyar sanya baƙin ƙarfe na alade don yin ƙarfe a cikin tanderun ƙarfe da kuma narke shi bisa ga takamaiman tsari. Kayayyakin ƙarfe sun haɗa da ingots, ci gaba da yin simintin simintin gyare-gyare, da simintin gyare-gyare na ƙarfe daban-daban. Gabaɗaya magana, ƙarfe yana nufin ƙarfe da aka yi birgima a cikin zanen ƙarfe da yawa. Amfani da masana'antu zafi jabu da zafi guga man inji sassa, sanyi kõma da sanyi shugaban ƙirƙira karfe, sumul karfe bututu inji masana'antu sassa,CNC machining sassa, kumasassa na simintin gyaran kafa.
2. Karfe marasa ƙarfe
Har ila yau, an san shi da waɗanda ba ferrousferrousfers zuwa karafa da kuma allnonferroushan ferrous karafa, kamar jan karfe, da tin, gubar, zinc, aluminum da tagulla, tagulla, aluminum gami da kai gami. Misali, lathe CNC na iya aiwatar da abubuwa daban-daban, gami da 316 da 304 bakin karfe faranti, carbon karfe, carbon karfe, aluminum gami, zinc gami kayan, aluminum gami, jan karfe, baƙin ƙarfe, filastik, faranti acrylic, POM, UHWM, da sauran su. albarkatun kasa. Ana iya sarrafa shi cikinCNC juya sassa, sassa na niƙa, da kuma hadaddun sassa tare da murabba'i da tsarin silinda. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da chromium, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, cobalt, vanadium, tungsten, da titanium a masana'antu. Wadannan karafa ana amfani da su ne a matsayin abubuwan karafa don inganta kaddarorin karafa, inda ake amfani da tungsten, titanium, molybdenum, da sauran siminti na siminti don samar da kayan aikin yankan. Waɗannan karafa da ba na ƙarfe ba ana kiran su da masana'antu. Bugu da kari, akwai karafa masu daraja kamar su platinum, da zinare, da azurfa, da karafa da ba kasafai ba, wadanda suka hada da uranium na rediyoaktif da radium.
III. Rarraba Karfe
Bayan baƙin ƙarfe da carbon, manyan abubuwan ƙarfe sun haɗa da silicon, manganese, sulfur, r, da phosphorus.
Akwai hanyoyin rarraba karfe iri-iri, kuma manyan su ne kamar haka.
1. Rarraba ta Quality
(1) Karfe gama gari (P <0.045%, S <0.050%)
(2) Karfe mai inganci (P, S <0.035%)
(3) Karfe mai inganci (P <0.035%, S <0.030%)
2. Rarraba ta hanyar sinadaran sinadaran
(1) Karfe Karfe: a. Ƙananan ƙarfe na carbon (C <0.25%); B. Matsakaicin ƙarfe na carbon (C <0.25-0.60%); C. Babban karfen carbon (C <0.60%).
(2) Karfe: a. Low alloy karfe (jimlar abun ciki na gami abubuwa <5%); B. Matsakaicin alloy karfe (jimlar abun ciki na abubuwan gami> 5-10%); C. Babban gami karfe (jimlar abun ciki na alloy> 10%).
3. Rarraba ta hanyar kafa
(1) Karfe na jabu; (2) Karfe na siminti; (3) Karfe mai zafi; (4) Karfe da aka zana sanyi.
4. Rarraba ta Ƙungiya ta Metallographic
(1) Halin da ake ciki: a. Hypoeutectoid karfe (ferrite + pearlite); B. Eutectic karfe (pearlite); C. Hypereutectoid karfe (pearlite + cementite); D. Ledeburite karfe (pearlite + cementite).
(2) Yanayin al'ada: A. karfen lu'u-lu'u; B. Bainitic karfe; C. karfe na martensitic; D. Austenitic karfe.
(3) Babu sauyin lokaci ko juzu'i na juzu'i
5. Rarraba ta Amfani
(1) Gine-gine da ƙarfe ƙarfe: a. Ƙarfe tsarin tsarin carbon gama gari; B. Low gami tsarin karfe; C. Karfe mai ƙarfi.
(2) Tsarin Karfe:
A. Ƙarfe na injina: (a) Ƙarfe mai ƙarfi; (b) Ƙarfe mai taurare saman saman, gami da carburized, ammoniated, da taurin ƙarfe; (c) Ƙarfe tsarin sassauƙa; (d) Ƙarfe mai sanyi na robobi, gami da sanyin stamping karfe da karfe mai sanyi.
B. Karfe na bazara
C. Ƙarfe mai ɗaukar nauyi
(3) Karfe na kayan aiki: a. Carbon kayan aiki karfe; B. Alloy kayan aiki karfe; C. Ƙarfe na kayan aiki mai sauri.
(4) Karfe na musamman: a. Bakin karfe mai jure acid; B. Heat-resistant karfe: ciki har da anti-oxidation karfe, zafi-ƙarfi karfe, da bawul karfe; C. Electrothermal gami karfe; D. Karfe mai juriya; E. Ƙarfe mai ƙarancin zafin jiki; F. Karfe na lantarki.
(5) Professional karfe - kamar gada karfe, jirgin ruwa karfe, tukunyar jirgi karfe, matsa lamba jirgin ruwa karfe, aikin gona inji karfe, da dai sauransu.
6. Cikakken Rabewa
(1) Karfe gama gari
A. Carbon Tsarin Karfe: (a) Q195; (b) Q215 (A, B); (c) Q235 (A, B, C); (d) Q255 (A, B); (e) Q275.
B. Low gami tsarin karfe
C. Gabaɗaya tsarin ƙarfe don takamaiman dalilai
(2) Karfe mai inganci (ciki har da karfe mai inganci)
A. Ƙarfe Tsarin: (a) Ƙarfe mai inganci mai inganci; (b) Ƙarfe tsarin ƙarfe; (c) Karfe na bazara; (d) Ƙarfe mai sauƙin yankewa; (e) Ƙarfe mai ɗaukar nauyi; (f) Ƙarfe mai inganci don takamaiman dalilai.
B. Karfe na kayan aiki: (a) Karfe kayan aikin Carbon; (b) Alloy kayan aiki karfe; (c) Karfe na kayan aiki mai sauri.
C. Karfe na aiki na musamman: (a) bakin karfe da mai jure acid; (b) Karfe mai jure zafi; (c) Ƙarfe mai zafi na lantarki; (d) Karfe na lantarki; (e) Karfe mai jure wa manganese.
7. Rarrabewa ta Hanyar Waƙa
(1) Dangane da nau'in murhu
A. Karfe mai canzawa: (a) Karfe mai canza acid; (b) Karfe mai jujjuyawa. Ko (a) Karfe mai jujjuyawar kasa, (b) Karfe mai jujjuyawar gefe, (c) Karfe mai jujjuyawa.
B. Ƙarfin wutar lantarki: (a) Ƙarfin wutar lantarki; (b) Electroslag tanderun karfe; (c) Ƙarfe tanderu; (d) Bakin karfen tanderun da ake amfani da shi; (e) Electron biam tanderu karfe.
(2) Bisa ga deoxidization digiri da kuma zub da tsarin
A. Karfe mai tafasa; B. Karfe mai kwantar da hankali; C. Karfe da aka kashe; D. Karfe na musamman da aka kashe.
IV. Bayanin Hanyar Wakiltar Lambar Karfe a China
Alamar samfurin gabaɗaya ana wakilta ta hanyar haɗa haruffan Sinanci, alamar sinadarai, da lambar Larabci. Wato:
(1) Alamun sinadarai na duniya, irin su Si, Mn, Cr, da sauransu, suna wakiltar abubuwan sinadaran lambobi na karfe. Abubuwan da ba kasafai suke gauraye ba suna wakiltar RE (ko Xt).
(2) Sunan samfur, amfani, narkewa da hanyoyin zubowa, da sauransu, ana bayyana su gabaɗaya ta gajerun sautin sautin Sinanci.
(3) Lambobin Larabci suna bayyana abubuwan da ke cikin sinadarai masu jagora (%) a cikin karfe.
Lokacin amfani da haruffan Sinanci don wakiltar sunan samfur, amfani, halaye, da tsarin tsari, yawanci ana zaɓar harafin farko daga haruffan Sinanci don wakiltar sunan samfurin. Lokacin maimaita zaɓaɓɓen harafin wani samfur, ana iya amfani da harafi na biyu ko na uku, ko kuma a iya zaɓar haruffan farko na haruffan Sinanci guda biyu a lokaci guda.
Inda babu haruffa ko haruffan Sinanci a yanzu, alamun za su zama haruffan Ingilishi.
Lokacin aikawa: Dec-12-2022