Bambanci tsakanin annealing da tempering shine:
A taƙaice, annealing yana nufin rashin ƙarfi, kuma har yanzu fushi yana riƙe da wani tauri.
Haushi:
Tsarin da aka samu ta hanyar zafin jiki mai zafi yana da zafi sorbite. Gabaɗaya, ba a amfani da zafin rai shi kaɗai. Babban manufar tempering bayan sassa quenching shi ne don kawar da quenching danniya da samun tsarin da ake bukata. Dangane da yanayin yanayin zafi daban-daban, an raba zafin jiki zuwa ƙananan zafin jiki, matsakaicin zafin jiki da zafin jiki mai zafi. An samo martensite mai zafi, troostite da sorbite bi da bi.
Daga cikin su, maganin zafi tare da zafin jiki mai zafi bayan kashewa ana kiransa quenching da tempering magani, kuma manufarsa ita ce samun cikakkun kayan aikin injiniya tare da kyakkyawan ƙarfi, taurin, filastik da tauri. Saboda haka, ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin mahimman sassa na motoci, tarakta, kayan aikin injin, da sauransu, kamar su igiyoyi masu haɗawa, kusoshi, gears da shafts. Taurin bayan zafin shine gabaɗaya HB200-330.
annealing:
Canji na Pearlite yana faruwa a lokacin aikin annealing. Babban manufar cirewa shine don sanya tsarin ciki na karfe ya isa ko kusanci yanayin ma'auni, da kuma shirya don sarrafawa na gaba da maganin zafi na ƙarshe. Taimakon danniya tsari ne mai cirewa don kawar da ragowar damuwa da ke haifarwa ta hanyar sarrafa nakasar filastik, walda, da sauransu da kuma wanzuwa a cikin simintin gyare-gyare. Akwai damuwa na ciki a cikin kayan aikin bayan ƙirƙira, simintin gyare-gyare, walda da yanke. Idan ba a kawar da shi a cikin lokaci ba, aikin aikin zai zama nakasu yayin aiki da amfani, wanda zai shafi daidaiton aikin.
Yana da matukar muhimmanci a yi amfani da damuwa da damuwa don kawar da damuwa na ciki da aka haifar yayin aiki. Zazzaɓin zafin jiki na damuwa da damuwa yana ƙasa da yanayin canjin lokaci, saboda haka, babu wani canji na tsarin da ke faruwa yayin duk aikin maganin zafi. A ciki danniya ne yafi shafe ta halitta ta workpiece a lokacin zafi adana da jinkirin sanyaya tsari.
Don kawar da damuwa na ciki na aikin aiki sosai, ya kamata a sarrafa zafin jiki na dumama yayin dumama. Gabaɗaya, ana saka shi a cikin tanderu a ƙananan zafin jiki, sa'an nan kuma mai zafi zuwa ƙayyadadden zafin jiki a yanayin zafi na kimanin 100 ° C / h. Zafin dumama na walda ya kamata ya zama dan kadan sama da 600 ° C. Lokacin riƙewa ya dogara da yanayin, yawanci 2 zuwa 4 hours. Lokacin riƙewa na simintin rage jin daɗin jin daɗi yana ɗaukar mafi girman iyaka, ana sarrafa adadin sanyaya a (20-50) ℃/h, kuma ana iya sanyaya shi ƙasa da 300 ℃ kafin a iya sanyaya iska.
Ana iya raba maganin tsufa zuwa nau'i biyu: tsufa na halitta da kuma tsufa na wucin gadi. Tsufa ta halitta ita ce sanya simintin gyare-gyare a cikin fili fiye da rabin shekara, ta yadda zai faru a hankali, ta yadda za a iya kawar da damuwa ko ragewa. Tsufa na wucin gadi shine don zafi da simintin gyare-gyare zuwa 550 ~ 650 ℃ Yi aikin rage damuwa, wanda ke adana lokaci idan aka kwatanta da tsufa na halitta, kuma yana kawar da damuwa da yawa sosai.
Menene fushi?
Tempering wani tsari ne na maganin zafi wanda ke dumama samfuran ƙarfe ko sassa zuwa wani yanayin zafi, sannan a sanyaya su ta wata hanya bayan riƙe wani ɗan lokaci. Tempering wani aiki ne da ake yi nan da nan bayan quenching, kuma yawanci shine maganin zafi na ƙarshe na kayan aikin. Saboda haka, tsarin haɗin gwiwa na quenching da tempering ana kiransa maganin zafi na ƙarshe. Babban manufar quenching da fushi shine:
1) Rage damuwa na ciki kuma rage raguwa. Yankunan da aka kashe suna da babban damuwa da karyewa. Idan ba su da fushi a kan lokaci, za su sau da yawa lalacewa ko ma tsagewa.
2) Daidaita kayan aikin injiniya na workpiece. Bayan quenching, da workpiece yana da high taurin da high brittleness. Domin saduwa da daban-daban yi bukatun na daban-daban workpieces, shi za a iya gyara ta tempering, taurin, ƙarfi, roba da tauri.
3) Stable workpiece size. Za a iya daidaita tsarin ƙarfe ta hanyar zafin rai don tabbatar da cewa babu nakasar da za ta faru yayin amfani da gaba.
4) Inganta aikin yankan wasu karafa na gami.
A cikin samarwa, sau da yawa yana dogara ne akan bukatun aikin aikin aikin. Dangane da yanayin zafi daban-daban, zafin jiki ya kasu kashi zuwa ƙananan zafin jiki, matsakaicin zafin jiki, da zafin jiki mai zafi. Tsarin maganin zafi yana haɗuwa da quenching da zafin jiki mai zafi na gaba shine ake kira quenching da tempering, wato, yana da kyaun filastik da tauri yayin da yake da ƙarfi. Ana amfani da shi musamman don ɗaukar sassan tsarin injin tare da manyan lodi, kamar kayan aikin injina, raƙuman gatari na baya na mota, gears masu ƙarfi, da sauransu.
Menene quenching?
Quenching wani tsari ne na maganin zafi wanda ke dumama samfuran ƙarfe ko sassa sama da yanayin canjin lokaci, sannan kuma da sauri ya yi sanyi a mafi girman ƙimar sanyi mai mahimmanci bayan adana zafi don samun tsarin martensitic. Quenching shine don samun tsarin martensitic, kuma bayan tempering, workpiece na iya samun kyakkyawan aiki, don haɓaka yuwuwar kayan. Babban manufarsa shine:
1) Inganta kayan aikin ƙarfe na samfuran ƙarfe ko sassa. Misali: inganta taurin da kuma sa juriya na kayan aiki, bearings, da dai sauransu, ƙara na roba iyaka na marẽmari, inganta m inji Properties na shaft sassa, da dai sauransu.
2) Inganta kayan kaddarorin ko sinadarai na wasu karafa na musamman. Irin su inganta juriya na bakin ƙarfe, ƙara ƙarfin maganadisu na dindindin na ƙarfe na ƙarfe, da dai sauransu.
Lokacin quenching da sanyaya, ban da madaidaicin zaɓi na matsakaiciyar kashewa, ana kuma buƙatar hanyoyin kashewa daidai. Hanyoyin quenching da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da quenching ruwa-ɗaya, quenching-ruwa biyu, quenching mai daraja, quenching isothermal, da kuma quenching.
Bambanci da haɗin kai tsakanin normalizing, quenching, annealing da tempering
Manufa da kuma amfani da al'ada
① Domin hypoeutectoid karfe, normalizing da ake amfani da su kawar da overheated m-grained tsarin da Widmanstaten tsarin na simintin gyaran kafa, forgings, da weldments, da banded tsarin a birgima kayan; tace hatsi; kuma za'a iya amfani dashi azaman maganin zafin jiki kafin quenching.
② Domin hypereutectoid karfe, normalizing iya kawar da reticular sakandare cementite da kuma tace pearlite, wanda ba kawai inganta inji Properties, amma kuma facilitates m spheroidizing annealing.
③ Don ƙananan faranti na ƙarfe mai zurfi mai zurfi-carbon, daidaitawa na iya kawar da siminti kyauta a iyakokin hatsi don haɓaka kaddarorin zane mai zurfi.
④ Don ƙananan ƙarfe na ƙarfe da ƙananan ƙarfe mai ƙarancin ƙarfe, yi amfani da al'ada don samun ƙarin tsari mai kyau-flaky pearlite, ƙara taurin zuwa HB140-190, guje wa sabon abu na "wuka mai ɗaure" yayin yankan, da haɓaka machinability. Don matsakaicin ƙarfe na carbon, lokacin da za'a iya amfani da al'ada da annealing duka, yana da ƙarin tattalin arziki da dacewa don amfani da daidaitawa.
⑤ Domin talakawa matsakaici-carbon tsarin karfe, normalizing za a iya amfani da maimakon quenching da high-zazzabi tempering a lokacin da inji Properties ba high, wanda ba kawai sauki aiki, amma kuma stabilizes tsarin da girman da karfe.
⑥ Daidaita a babban zafin jiki (150-200 ° C sama da Ac3) na iya rage rarrabuwa na simintin gyare-gyare da ƙirƙira saboda yawan yaduwa a babban zafin jiki. Za'a iya tsaftace hatsi mai laushi bayan daidaitawa a babban zafin jiki ta hanyar daidaitawa a ƙananan zafin jiki na biyu.
⑦ Don wasu ƙananan ƙarfe da matsakaici na carbon alloy da aka yi amfani da su a cikin turbines da tukunyar jirgi, ana amfani da al'ada sau da yawa don samun tsarin bainite, sa'an nan kuma mai zafi a babban zafin jiki. Yana da juriya mai kyau lokacin amfani da shi a 400-550 ° C.
⑧ Baya ga sassan karfe da samfuran karfe, ana amfani da al'ada sosai a cikin maganin zafi na ductile baƙin ƙarfe don samun matrix pearlite da haɓaka ƙarfin ƙarfe na ductile.
Tun da an daidaita al'ada ta hanyar sanyaya iska, yanayin zafin jiki, hanyar tarawa, kwararar iska da girman aikin duk suna da tasiri akan tsari da aiki bayan daidaitawa. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da tsarin da aka daidaita azaman hanyar rarrabuwa ta gami da ƙarfe. Gabaɗaya, an raba gwal ɗin gwal zuwa ƙarfe na pearlite, ƙarfe bainite, ƙarfe na martensitic da ƙarfe austenitic bisa ga microstructure da aka samu ta hanyar dumama samfurin da diamita na 25 mm zuwa 900 ° C da sanyaya iska.
Annealing wani tsari ne na maganin zafi na ƙarfe wanda a hankali ake ɗorawa karfen zuwa wani zafin jiki, a ajiye shi na ɗan lokaci kaɗan, sannan a sanyaya shi gwargwadon yadda ya dace. Maganin zafi mai raɗaɗi ya kasu kashi zuwa cikakkiyar ɓarna, ɓarnar da ba ta cika da damuwa ba. Ana iya gano kaddarorin inji na kayan da aka toshe ta hanyar gwajin juzu'i ko gwajin taurin. Ana ba da samfuran ƙarfe da yawa a cikin yanayin ɓarna da maganin zafi.
Ana iya amfani da gwajin taurin Rockwell don gwada taurin karfe. Don ƙananan faranti na ƙarfe, ɗigon ƙarfe da bututun ƙarfe na bakin ciki, ana iya amfani da masu gwajin taurin saman Rockwell don gwada taurin HRT.
Manufar annealing shine:
① Haɓaka ko kawar da lahani daban-daban na tsarin da sauran matsalolin da suka haifar da simintin ƙarfe, ƙirƙira, mirgina da walda, da hana nakasawa da fashewar kayan aiki.
② Tausasa kayan aikin don yankan.
③ Gyaran hatsi da inganta tsarin don inganta kayan aikin injiniya na kayan aiki.
④ Yi shirye-shiryen ƙungiyoyi don maganin zafi na ƙarshe (quenching, tempering).
Tsarin shafewar da aka saba amfani dashi
① Cikakkiyar annashuwa. Ana amfani da shi don tace ƙaƙƙarfan tsari mai zafi tare da ƙarancin kayan inji bayan simintin gyare-gyare, ƙirƙira da walda na matsakaici da ƙananan ƙarfe na carbon. Yi zafi da workpiece zuwa 30-50 ° C sama da zafin jiki wanda ferrite ya canza gaba daya zuwa austenite, kiyaye shi dumi na wani lokaci, sa'an nan kuma kwantar da hankali tare da tanderun. A lokacin aikin sanyaya, austenite zai sake canzawa don sanya tsarin karfe ya zama bakin ciki.
② Spheroidizing annealing. Ana amfani da shi don rage babban taurin kayan aiki da ƙarfe na ƙarfe bayan ƙirƙira. The workpiece ne mai tsanani zuwa 20-40 ° C sama da zafin jiki a wanda karfe fara samar da austenite, sa'an nan kuma sannu a hankali sanyaya bayan zafi adana. A lokacin aikin sanyaya, siminti na lamellar a cikin pearlite ya zama mai siffar zobe, don haka rage taurin.
③ Annealing isothermal. Ana amfani da shi don rage babban taurin wasu kayan haɗin gwal tare da babban nickel da abun ciki na chromium don yankan. Gabaɗaya, ana fara sanyaya shi zuwa mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki na austenite a cikin sauri, kuma ana kiyaye shi don lokacin da ya dace, austenite zai canza zuwa troostite ko sorbite, kuma za a iya rage taurin.
④ Recrystallization annealing. Ana amfani da shi don kawar da abin da ya faru na taurara (ƙara cikin tauri da raguwa a cikin filastik) na waya na ƙarfe da farantin bakin ciki a cikin aiwatar da zane mai sanyi da mirgina sanyi. Yawan zafin jiki na dumama shine 50-150 ° C ƙasa da zafin jiki wanda karfe ya fara samar da austenite. Ta wannan hanyar kawai za'a iya kawar da tasirin aikin hardening kuma ƙarfe mai laushi.
⑤ Haɓaka zane-zane. Ana amfani da shi don juya baƙin ƙarfe mai ɗauke da adadi mai yawa na siminti zuwa baƙin ƙarfe mai yuwuwa tare da filastik mai kyau. Ayyukan tsari shine don zafi da simintin gyare-gyare zuwa kimanin 950 ° C, kiyaye shi dumi na wani ɗan lokaci sannan a kwantar da shi yadda ya kamata don lalata siminti don samar da rukuni na graphite mai yawo.
⑥ Yaduwa annealing. Ana amfani da shi don daidaita tsarin sinadarai na simintin gyare-gyaren gami da haɓaka aikin su. Hanyar ita ce zazzage simintin zuwa mafi girman zafin jiki ba tare da narkewa ba, kuma a kiyaye shi na dogon lokaci, sannan a yi sanyi sannu a hankali bayan yaɗuwar abubuwa daban-daban a cikin gami ana iya rarrabawa daidai gwargwado.
⑦ Taimakawa damuwa annealing. An yi amfani da shi don kawar da damuwa na ciki na simintin ƙarfe da walƙiya. Don kayan ƙarfe da ƙarfe mai zafi zuwa 100-200 ° C a ƙasa da zafin jiki wanda austenite ya fara farawa, sanyaya cikin iska bayan adana zafi zai iya kawar da damuwa na ciki.
Quenching, tsarin kula da zafi don karafa da gilashi. Dumama kayayyakin gami ko gilashi zuwa wani zafin jiki, sa'an nan sauri sanyaya a cikin ruwa, mai ko iska, gaba ɗaya amfani da su ƙara taurin da ƙarfi na gami. Wanda akafi sani da "dipping wuta". Metal zafi magani cewa reheats da quenched workpiece zuwa dace zafin jiki kasa da ƙananan m zafin jiki, sa'an nan sanyaya shi a cikin iska, ruwa, mai da sauran kafofin watsa labarai bayan rike shi na wani lokaci.
Ƙarfe workpieces suna da halaye masu zuwa bayan quenching:
①Ana samun sifofi marasa daidaituwa (wato, marasa ƙarfi) kamar martensite, bainite, da austenite da aka riƙe.
②Akwai babban damuwa na ciki.
③Abubuwan injiniyoyi ba za su iya biyan buƙatun ba. Saboda haka, karfe workpieces gabaɗaya dole ne a huce bayan quenching.
Matsayin fushi
① Inganta kwanciyar hankali na tsarin, ta yadda workpiece ba zai ƙara jurewa nama canji a lokacin amfani, sabõda haka, geometric size da kuma yi na workpiece zai kasance barga.
② Kawar da damuwa na ciki don inganta aikinsassan cncda daidaita ma'auni na geometric nasassa masu niƙa.
③ Daidaita kayan aikin ƙarfe don biyan buƙatun amfani.
*Dalilin da yasa zafin ke da wadannan illa shi ne, lokacin da zafin jiki ya tashi, aikin atom din yana karuwa, kuma atom din iron, carbon da sauran abubuwan da ke hade da karfe na iya yaduwa cikin sauri don gane da sake tsara kwayoyin halitta, wanda hakan zai sa su zama rashin kwanciyar hankali. Ƙungiya mara daidaituwa a hankali tana canzawa zuwa daidaiton daidaiton ƙungiya. Taimakon damuwa na ciki kuma yana da alaƙa da raguwar ƙarfin ƙarfe yayin da zafin jiki ya karu. Gabaɗaya, lokacin da ƙarfe ya yi zafi, taurin da ƙarfi yana raguwa, kuma filastik yana ƙaruwa. Mafi girman yanayin zafin jiki, mafi girman canji a cikin waɗannan kaddarorin inji. Wasu karafa masu yawa tare da babban abun ciki na abubuwan haɗakarwa za su haifar da wasu sinadarai na ƙarfe masu kyau lokacin da aka yi zafi a cikin wani yanayin zafi, wanda zai ƙara ƙarfi da taurin.
Wannan al'amari shi ake kira secondary hardening.
Bukatun zafi:workpieces tare da daban-daban amfani ya kamata a tempered a daban-daban yanayin zafi don saduwa da bukatun da ake amfani.
① Yanke kayan aikin, bearings, carburized da quenched sassa, da kuma saman quenched sassa yawanci zafi a kasa 250 ° C. Bayan ƙananan zafin jiki mai zafi, taurin ba ya canzawa da yawa, damuwa na ciki yana raguwa, kuma ƙarfin yana inganta dan kadan.
② Ruwan bazara yana da zafi a matsakaicin zafin jiki a 350-500 ° C don samun babban elasticity da tauri mai mahimmanci.
③ Sassan da aka yi da matsakaicin tsarin ƙarfe na carbon suna yawanci zafin jiki a babban zafin jiki na 500-600 ° C don samun kyakkyawan haɗin ƙarfi da tauri.
Tsarin maganin zafi na quenching da zafin jiki mai zafi ana kiransa gaba ɗaya quenching da tempering.
Lokacin da karfe yana da zafi a kusa da 300 ° C, raguwa yakan karuwa. Ana kiran wannan al'amari nau'in tashin hankali na farko. Gabaɗaya, bai kamata a yi zafi a cikin wannan kewayon zafin jiki ba. Wasu matsakaicin carbon alloy structural steels suma suna da wuya su zama gaggautsa idan an sanyaya su a hankali zuwa zafin jiki bayan zafin zafin jiki. Wannan al'amari ana kiransa nau'in tashin hankali na biyu. Ƙara molybdenum zuwa karfe, ko sanyaya a cikin mai ko ruwa a lokacin zafi, zai iya hana nau'i na biyu na tashin hankali. Ana iya kawar da wannan gaggautsa ta hanyar sake dumama nau'in ƙarfe na baƙin ƙarfe na biyu zuwa ainihin zafin jiki.
Annealing na karfe
Ra'ayi: Ƙarfe yana zafi, yana dumi sannan a sanyaya a hankali don samun tsari kusa da tsarin ma'auni.
1. Cikakkiyar annealed
Tsari: dumama Ac3 sama da 30-50 ° C → adana zafi → sanyaya ƙasa zuwa ƙasa 500 ° C tare da tanderun → sanyaya iska a zafin jiki.
Manufar: don tsaftace hatsi, tsari iri ɗaya, inganta ƙarfin filastik, kawar da damuwa na ciki, da sauƙaƙe machining.
2. Isothermal annealing
Tsari: Dumama sama da Ac3 → adana zafi → saurin sanyaya zuwa yanayin canjin pearlite → isothermal tsayawa → canzawa zuwa P → sanyaya iska daga cikin tanderun;
Manufar: Kamar yadda na sama. Amma lokaci yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci, mai sauƙin sarrafawa, kuma deoxidation da decarburization ƙananan ne. (An zartar da alloy karfe da babban carbonmachining karfe sassatare da ingantacciyar kwanciyar hankali supercooling A).
3. Spheroidizing annealing
Ra'ayi:Yana da tsari na spheroidizing siminti a cikin karfe.
Abubuwa:Eutectoid da hypereutectoid karafa
Tsari:
(1) Isothermal spheroidizing annealing dumama sama da Ac1 zuwa 20-30 digiri → adana zafi → saurin sanyaya zuwa digiri 20 a ƙasa Ar1 → isothermal → sanyaya zuwa kusan digiri 600 tare da tanderun → sanyaya iska daga cikin tanderun.
(2) Na yau da kullun spheroidizing annealing dumama Ac1 sama da digiri 20-30 → adana zafi → matsananciyar sanyaya zuwa kusan digiri 600 → sanyaya iska daga cikin tanderu. (Dogon zagayowar, ƙarancin inganci, bai dace ba).
Manufar: don rage taurin, inganta filastik da tauri, da sauƙaƙe yanke.
Makanikai: Yi takarda ko siminti na cibiyar sadarwa zuwa granular (mai zagaye)
Bayani: Lokacin shafewa da dumama, tsarin bai cika A ba, don haka ana kiransa rashin cikawa.
4. damuwa da damuwa
Tsari: dumama zuwa wani zafin jiki da ke ƙasa da Ac1 (digiri 500-650) → adana zafi → jinkirin sanyaya zuwa zafin jiki.
Manufar.musamman machining sassa.
Karfe zafin jiki
Tsari: Sake dumama karfen da aka kashe zuwa zafin jiki da ke kasa A1 sannan a rika dumi, sannan a sanyaya (yawanci sanyaya iska) zuwa zafin dakin.
Manufar: Kawar da ciki danniya lalacewa ta hanyar quenching, tabbatar da workpiece size, rage brittleness, da kuma inganta yankan yi.
Kayan aikin injiniya: Yayin da zafin zafin jiki ya karu, taurin da ƙarfi ya ragu, yayin da filastik da taurin ya karu.
1. Low zazzabi tempering: 150-250 ℃, M sau, rage ciki danniya da brittleness, inganta filastik taurin, da mafi girma taurin da kuma sa juriya. An yi amfani da shi don yin kayan aikin aunawa, wukake da birgima, da sauransu.
2. Tempering a matsakaicin zafin jiki: 350-500 ° C, lokacin T, tare da babban elasticity, wasu filastik da taurin. An yi amfani da shi don yin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ƙirƙira ya mutu, da sauransu.
3. High zafin jiki tempering: 500-650 ℃, S lokaci, tare da mai kyau m inji Properties. An yi amfani da shi don yin gears, crankshafts, da dai sauransu.
Anebon yana ba da kyakkyawar tauri a cikin kyakkyawan inganci da ci gaba, ciniki, babban tallace-tallace da haɓakawa da aiki don Maƙerin OEM/ODM Daidaitaccen ƙarfe Bakin Karfe. Tun lokacin da aka kafa ƙungiyar masana'antu, Anebon yanzu ya ƙaddamar da ci gaban sabbin kayayyaki. Tare da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki taki, za mu ci gaba da aiwatar da ci gaba da ruhu na "high kyau kwarai, yadda ya dace, bidi'a, mutunci", da kuma zauna tare da aiki ka'idar "credit farko, abokin ciniki 1st, mai kyau ingancin m". Anebon zai samar da kyakkyawar makoma mai kyau a cikin fitar gashi tare da abokanmu.
OEM / ODM Manufacturer China Simintin gyare-gyare da Karfe simintin gyare-gyare, The zane, aiki, sayan, dubawa, ajiya, hadawa tsari ne duk a cikin kimiyya da kuma tasiri daftarin aiki tsari, ƙara amfani matakin da amincin mu iri warai, wanda ya sa Anebon zama m maroki na manyan nau'ikan samfura guda huɗu, kamar injina na CNC, sassan niƙa CNC, juyawa CNC da simintin ƙarfe.
Lokacin aikawa: Mayu-15-2023