ƙwararren injiniyan aikin injiniya dole ne ya kasance ƙwararrun sarrafa aikace-aikacen kayan aiki kuma ya mallaki cikakkiyar masaniyar masana'antar injuna.
Injiniyan aikin injiniya mai amfani yana da cikakkiyar fahimta game da nau'ikan kayan sarrafawa iri-iri, aikace-aikacen su, halayen tsari, da daidaiton injina a cikin masana'antar injina. Suna iya tsara ƙayyadaddun kayan aiki da fasaha a cikin masana'antar su don haɓaka shimfidar sassa da matakai daban-daban. Bugu da ƙari, suna sane da ƙarfin sarrafa su da raunin su kuma suna iya yin amfani da ƙarfinsu yadda ya kamata yayin da suke rage raunin su don daidaita aikin injiniyoyin kamfanin.
Bari mu fara da nazari da fahimtar kayan aiki iri-iri da aka saba amfani da su a masana'antar kera. Wannan zai ba mu cikakkiyar ma'anar kayan sarrafa kayan aiki daga mahangar aiki. Za mu kuma bincika waɗannan kayan sarrafa kayan aiki bisa ka'ida don shirya mafi kyawun aikinmu na gaba da haɓaka ƙwarewarmu. Mayar da hankalinmu zai kasance akan kayan aiki na yau da kullun kamar juyawa, niƙa, tsarawa, niƙa, gundura, hakowa, da yanke waya. Za mu yi bayani dalla-dalla akan nau'in, aikace-aikace, halaye na tsari, da daidaiton mashin ɗin waɗannan kayan aikin sarrafawa.
1. Latsa
1) Nau'in lathe
Akwai nau'ikan lathes da yawa. Bisa ga littafin ƙwararrun mashin ɗin, akwai nau'ikan har zuwa 77. Yawancin nau'ikan gama gari sun haɗa da lathes na kayan aiki, lathes atomatik guda-axis, Multi-axis atomatik ko Semi-atomatik lathes, dabaran dawowa ko turret lathes, crankshaft da camshaft lathes, lathes na tsaye, bene da lathes a kwance, bayanin martaba da lathes multi-kayan aiki, axle roller ingots, da shebur hakori lathes. An ƙara rarraba waɗannan nau'ikan zuwa ƙananan rarrabuwa, yana haifar da nau'ikan lambobi daban-daban. A cikin masana'antar injuna, lathes na tsaye da a kwance sune nau'ikan da aka fi amfani da su, kuma ana iya samun su a kusan kowane wurin injina.
2) Iyakar sarrafa lathe
Muna zabar wasu nau'ikan lathe na yau da kullun don kwatanta kewayon aikace-aikacen injina.
A. Lathe a kwance yana iya jujjuya filayen silinda na ciki da na waje, filaye masu juzu'i, filayen jujjuyawa, tsagi na annular, sassan, da zaren daban-daban. Yana kuma iya aiwatar da matakai kamar hakowa, reaming, tapping, zaren zare, da kuma knurling. Kodayake lathes na kwance na yau da kullun suna da ƙarancin sarrafa kansa kuma sun haɗa da ƙarin lokacin taimako a cikin aikin injin, faffadan sarrafa su da kyakkyawan aikin gabaɗaya ya haifar da amfani da yawa a cikin masana'antar kera. Ana la'akari da su kayan aiki masu mahimmanci a cikin masana'antar injin mu kuma ana amfani da su sosai don ayyukan injuna daban-daban.
B. Lathes na tsaye sun dace don sarrafa sassa daban-daban na firam da harsashi, da kuma yin aiki a kan rufin cylindrical na ciki da na waje, saman conical, fuskokin ƙarshen, tsagi, yankan da hakowa, faɗaɗa, reaming, da sauran matakai na sashi. Tare da ƙarin na'urori, kuma za su iya aiwatar da zaren zare, juya fuskokin ƙarewa, bayanin martaba, niƙa, da matakan niƙa.
3) Daidaiton machining na lathe
A. Lathe na kwance a kwance yana da daidaitattun mashin ɗin: Zagaye: 0.015mm; Silindricity: 0.02 / 150mm; Lalaci: 0.02/¢ 150mm; Tsayin yanayi: 1.6Ra/μm.
B. Daidaiton injin lathe a tsaye shine kamar haka:
- Zagaye: 0.02mm
Silindricity: 0.01mm
- Tsayi: 0.03mm
Lura cewa waɗannan dabi'u maki ne na tunani. Ainihin daidaiton mashin ɗin na iya bambanta dangane da ƙayyadaddun masana'anta da yanayin haɗuwa. Koyaya, ba tare da la'akari da canjin yanayi ba, daidaiton injin ɗin dole ne ya dace da ma'aunin ƙasa don irin wannan kayan aikin. Idan ba a cika buƙatun daidaito ba, mai siye yana da haƙƙin ƙin karɓa da biya.
2. Injin niƙa
1) Nau'in injin niƙa
Daban-daban nau'ikan injunan niƙa sun bambanta kuma suna da rikitarwa. Bisa ga littafin jagorar mashin ɗin, akwai nau'ikan sama da 70 daban-daban. Koyaya, mafi yawan nau'ikan sun haɗa da injunan niƙa kayan aiki, injunan ƙwanƙwasa da injin rago, injunan niƙa, injinan niƙa jirgin sama, injinan niƙa, injin ɗaga tebur a tsaye, injin ɗaga tebur a kwance, injinan niƙa gado, da injunan niƙa kayan aiki. An ƙara rarraba waɗannan nau'ikan zuwa ƙananan ƙananan rarrabuwa, kowannensu yana da lambobi daban-daban. A cikin masana'antar injuna, nau'ikan da aka fi amfani da su sune cibiyar injina ta tsaye da cibiyar injin gantry. Ana amfani da waɗannan nau'ikan injunan niƙa guda biyu sosai a cikin injina, kuma za mu ba da cikakkiyar gabatarwa da nazarin waɗannan injunan niƙa guda biyu.
2) Iyalin aikace-aikacen injin niƙa
Sakamakon launuka iri-iri da aikace-aikace daban-daban, za mu mai da hankali ga nau'ikan shahararrun abubuwa: cibiyoyin gantry da cibiyoyin Gantry.
Cibiyar injina ta tsaye injin niƙa ce ta CNC a tsaye tare da mujallar kayan aiki. Babban fasalinsa shine amfani da kayan aikin jujjuyawar gefuna da yawa don yankan, wanda ke ba da damar sarrafa nau'ikan sama da yawa, gami da jirgin sama, tsagi, sassan hakori, da saman karkace. Tare da aikace-aikacen fasahar CNC, kewayon sarrafa irin wannan nau'in na'ura ya inganta sosai. Yana iya yin ayyukan niƙa, da kuma hakowa, da ban sha'awa, reaming, da bugun, yana mai da shi aiki da shahara sosai.
B, gantry machining center: idan aka kwatanta da na tsaye machining cibiyar, gantry machining cibiyar shi ne hada aikace-aikace na wani CNC gantry milling inji da kayan aiki mujallar; a cikin kewayon sarrafawa, cibiyar injin gantry yana da kusan dukkanin ƙarfin sarrafawa na cibiyar mashin na yau da kullun kuma yana iya daidaitawa da sarrafa manyan kayan aikin a cikin sigar sassan, kuma a lokaci guda yana da babban fa'ida a cikin sarrafawa. inganci da daidaiton injina, musamman yadda ake aiwatar da aikin cibiyar sarrafa gantry mai igiyoyi biyar a aikace, an kuma inganta aikin sarrafa shi sosai, ya aza harsashi ga bunkasuwar masana'antar kere-kere ta kasar Sin ta hanyar da ta dace.
3) Daidaiton machining na injin niƙa:
A. Cibiyar injina ta tsaye:
Lalacewa: 0.025/300mm; Yawan danyen mai: 1.6Ra/μm.
B. Cibiyar injin Gantry:
Lalacewa: 0.025/300mm; Tsayin yanayi: 2.5Ra/μm.
Daidaiton injina da aka ambata a sama ƙimar tunani ce kuma baya bada garantin cewa duk injunan niƙa zasu cika wannan ma'auni. Yawancin nau'ikan injin niƙa na iya samun ɗan bambanta a daidaitonsu dangane da ƙayyadaddun masana'anta da yanayin haɗuwa. Duk da haka, ba tare da la'akari da adadin bambancin ba, daidaiton mashin ɗin dole ne ya cika ka'idodin ƙa'idodin ƙasa don irin wannan kayan aiki. Idan kayan aikin da aka saya ba su cika buƙatun daidaito na ƙasa ba, mai siye yana da haƙƙin ƙin yarda da biyan kuɗi.
3. Mai tsarawa
1) Nau'in shirin
Idan aka zo batun lathes, injunan niƙa, da injina, akwai ƙarancin nau'ikan injina. Littafin jagorar mashin ɗin ya bayyana cewa, akwai nau'ikan na'urori kusan 21, waɗanda aka fi sani da su su ne na'urori masu sarrafa kanti, da gantry Planers, da na'urar buji, da gefuna da na'ura, da dai sauransu. Waɗannan nau'ikan an ƙara raba su zuwa takamaiman nau'ikan samfuran jirgin sama da yawa. The bullhead planer da gantry planer sune aka fi amfani da su a masana'antar injuna. A cikin adadi mai rakiyar, za mu samar da bincike na asali da gabatarwa ga waɗannan masu tsara shirin guda biyu.
2) Iyakar aikace-aikace na mai tsarawa
Yanke motsin mai shirin ya ƙunshi motsi na layi na baya-da-gaba na aikin da ake sarrafa shi. Ya fi dacewa don siffata lebur, kusurwa, da filaye masu lanƙwasa. Yayin da yake iya ɗaukar saman sassa daban-daban masu lanƙwasa, saurin sarrafa shi yana iyakance saboda halayensa. A lokacin dawowar bugun jini, mai yankan jirgin ba ya ba da gudummawa ga sarrafawa, yana haifar da asarar bugun jini mara aiki da ƙarancin sarrafa aiki.
Ci gaba a cikin sarrafa lambobi da sarrafa kansa sun haifar da maye gurbin hanyoyin tsarawa a hankali. Irin wannan nau'in na'urorin sarrafa har yanzu ba a ga gagarumin haɓakawa ko sabbin abubuwa ba, musamman idan aka kwatanta da haɓaka cibiyoyin injuna a tsaye, cibiyoyin injin gantry, da ci gaba da haɓaka kayan aikin sarrafawa. Sakamakon haka, masu tsara shirye-shirye suna fuskantar gasa mai tsauri kuma ana ganin ba su da inganci idan aka kwatanta da na zamani.
3) Daidaiton machining na mai tsarawa
Daidaiton tsarawa gabaɗaya na iya kaiwa matakin daidaiton IT10-IT7. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman don sarrafa doguwar dogo na jagora na wasu manyan kayan aikin injin. Har ma yana iya maye gurbin tsarin niƙa, wanda aka sani da "tsari mai kyau maimakon niƙa mai kyau" hanyar sarrafawa.
4. Nika
1) Nau'in injin niƙa
Idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'ikan kayan aiki, akwai nau'ikan injunan niƙa kusan 194, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin littafin jagorar mashin ɗin. Waɗannan nau'ikan sun haɗa da injin injin kayan aiki, injin injin cylindrical, injin cylindrical na ciki, masu daidaitawa, masu sarrafa dogo, masu yankan gefuna, jirgin sama da masu injin fuska, crankshaft / camshaft / spline / roll grinders, injin kayan aiki, injin superfinishing, injin honing na ciki, cylindrical da sauran injunan honing, polishing inji, bel polishing da nika inji, kayan aiki nika da nika inji kayan aikin, indexable Saka nika inji kayan aikin, nika inji, ball hali zobe tsagi nika inji, nadi hali zobe Raceway nika inji, hali zobe superfinishing inji, ruwa nika inji kayan aikin, nadi sarrafa inji kayan aikin, karfe ball sarrafa inji kayan aikin, bawul / piston / piston zobe nika inji kayayyakin aiki, mota / tarakta nika inji kayayyakin aiki, da sauran iri. Tun da rarrabuwa yana da yawa kuma yawancin injunan niƙa sun keɓance ga wasu masana'antu, wannan labarin yana mai da hankali kan samar da ingantaccen gabatarwa ga injin niƙa da aka saba amfani da shi a cikin masana'antar injin, musamman injin niƙa na silindi da injin niƙa saman.
2) Iyalin aikace-aikacen injin niƙa
A.Ana amfani da injin niƙa na silinda da farko don sarrafa saman saman silin silindi ko sifofi, da kuma ƙarshen fuskar kafada. Wannan injin yana ba da ingantaccen daidaitawar sarrafawa da daidaiton mashin ɗin. Ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin sarrafa madaidaicin sassa a cikin injina, musamman a cikin aikin gamawa na ƙarshe. Wannan injin yana tabbatar da daidaiton girman girman geometric kuma yana samun babban buƙatun ƙare saman ƙasa, yana mai da shi yanki na kayan aiki da babu makawa a cikin aikin injin.
B,An fi amfani da injin niƙa don sarrafa jirgin sama, saman mataki, gefe, da sauran sassa. Ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin masana'antar injuna, musamman don sarrafa madaidaicin sassa. Injin niƙa yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da daidaiton mashin ɗin kuma shine zaɓi na ƙarshe ga yawancin masu aikin niƙa. Yawancin ma'aikatan taro a masana'antar hada-hadar kayan aiki ana buƙatar samun ƙwarewar yin amfani da injin niƙa, kamar yadda suke da alhakin aiwatar da aikin niƙa na gyare-gyaren gyare-gyare daban-daban a cikin tsarin taro ta amfani da injin niƙa.
3) Daidaitaccen mashin ɗin injin niƙa
A. Machining daidaito na cylindrical nika inji:
Roundness da cylindricity: 0.003mm, m surface roughness: 0.32Ra/μm.
B. Machining daidaito na saman nika inji:
Daidaitawa: 0.01 / 300mm; Tsayin yanayi: 0.8Ra/μm.
Daga daidaitawar da ke sama, zamu iya gani a fili cewa idan aka kwatanta da Lathe na baya, injin da kuma sauran kayan aiki, don haka a cikin ƙarshen sassan, niƙa na da yawa, nika inji shi ne yadu da kuma amfani da ko'ina.
5. Na'ura mai ban sha'awa
1) Nau'in na'ura mai ban sha'awa
Idan aka kwatanta da nau'ikan kayan aiki na baya, ana ɗaukar na'ura mai ban sha'awa ta ƙware. Dangane da ƙididdigar ƙirar injiniyan, akwai kusan nau'ikan 8 da aka rarrabe kamar yadda zurfin injin da keɓaɓɓe, injin da ke tsaye mai ɗorewa, da injin m mashin don gyara motoci na motoci. Na'ura mai ban sha'awa da aka fi amfani da ita a masana'antar injuna ita ce na'ura mai haɗin gwiwa, wanda za mu gabatar da nazarin halayensa a takaice.
2) The aiki ikon yinsa na m inji
Akwai nau'ikan inji mai ban sha'awa. A cikin wannan taƙaitaccen gabatarwar, za mu mai da hankali kan na'ura mai haɗaka mai ban sha'awa. Na'ura mai ban sha'awa mai daidaitawa shine ainihin kayan aikin injin tare da ingantacciyar na'ura mai daidaitawa. An fi amfani dashi don ramuka masu ban sha'awa tare da madaidaicin girman, siffar, da buƙatun matsayi. Yana iya yin hakowa, reaming, ƙarshen fuskantar, tsagi, niƙa, daidaita ma'auni, daidaitaccen sikeli, yin alama, da sauran ayyuka. Yana ba da dama mai yawa na abin dogara iya aiki.
Tare da saurin ci gaban fasahar CNC, musamman CNCsabis na ƙirƙira ƙarfeda injunan niƙa a kwance, aikin injuna masu ban sha'awa yayin da ake fuskantar ƙalubalantar kayan aikin sarrafa rami na farko. Duk da haka, akwai wasu abubuwan da ba za a iya maye gurbinsu ba ga waɗannan inji. Ba tare da la'akari da tsufa na kayan aiki ko ci gaba ba, babu makawa ci gaba a masana'antar kera. Yana nuna ci gaban fasaha da haɓaka masana'antun ƙasarmu.
3) Daidaitaccen machining na na'ura mai ban sha'awa
Na'ura mai haɗakarwa gabaɗaya tana da daidaiton diamita na rami na IT6-7 da ƙarancin ƙasa na 0.4-0.8Ra/μm. Duk da haka, akwai matsala mai mahimmanci a cikin sarrafa na'ura mai ban sha'awa, musamman ma a lokacin da ake hulɗa da sassan ƙarfe; an san shi da "aikin datti." Zai iya haifar da wani wuri wanda ba a iya gane shi ba, ya lalace, yana sa mai yiwuwa za a maye gurbin kayan aiki a nan gaba saboda matsalolin aiki. Bayan haka, yanayin bayyanar yana da mahimmanci, kuma yayin da mutane da yawa ba za su ba shi fifiko ba, har yanzu muna buƙatar kula da facade na kiyaye manyan ƙa'idodi.
6. injin hakowa
1) Nau'in injin hakowa
Na'urar da aka fi amfani da ita a masana'antar injin ita ce injin hakowa. Kusan kowace masana'antar mashin ɗin za ta sami aƙalla ɗaya. Tare da wannan kayan aiki, yana da sauƙi a yi iƙirarin cewa kuna cikin kasuwancin injina. A cewar littafin technician machining, akwai nau'ikan injunan hakowa daban-daban kusan 38, da suka hada da injunan hakowa masu ban sha'awa, injinan hako rami mai zurfi, injinan hakowa na radial, injin hakowa na tebur, injin hakowa a tsaye, injinan hakowa a kwance, injin niƙa, rami na tsakiya. injinan hakowa, da sauransu. Na'urar hakowa ta radial ita ce mafi yawan amfani da ita a cikin masana'antar injuna kuma ana ɗaukar daidaitattun kayan aiki don injina. Da shi, yana da kusan yiwuwa a yi aiki a wannan masana'antar. Don haka, bari mu mai da hankali kan gabatar da irin wannan na'ura mai hakowa.
2) Iyalin aikace-aikacen na'urar hakowa
Babban manufar rawar radial ita ce haƙa ramuka iri-iri. Bugu da ƙari, yana iya yin reaming, counterboring, tapping, da sauran matakai. Koyaya, daidaiton ramin injin ɗin bazai yi girma sosai ba. Sabili da haka, don sassan da ke buƙatar babban madaidaicin matsayi a cikin rami, yana da kyau a guji yin amfani da na'urar hakowa.
3) Daidaitaccen mashin ɗin injin hakowa
Ainihin, babu daidaiton injina kwata-kwata; rawar jiki ne kawai.
7. Yankewar waya
Har yanzu ban sami gogewa sosai kan na'urorin sarrafa waya ba, don haka ban tara ilimi da yawa a wannan fanni ba. Don haka, har yanzu ban yi bincike mai yawa a kansa ba, kuma amfani da shi a cikin masana'antar injin yana da iyaka. Duk da haka, har yanzu yana riƙe da ƙima na musamman, musamman don ɓarna da sarrafa sassa na musamman. Yana da wasu abũbuwan amfãni, amma saboda ƙarancin sarrafawa da kuma saurin ci gaba na na'ura na Laser, kayan aiki na yankan waya suna raguwa a cikin masana'antu.
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Lokacin aikawa: Agusta-05-2024