Yadda Ake Bambance Quenching, Tempering, Normalizing, Annealing

Menene fushi?

Tempering wani tsari ne na maganin zafi wanda kayan ƙarfe ko ɓangaren da aka kashe ana dumama su zuwa wani takamaiman zafin jiki, kiyaye shi na wani ɗan lokaci, sannan a sanyaya ta wata hanya. Tempering wani aiki ne da ake yi nan da nan bayan quenching kuma yawanci shine sashi na ƙarshe na maganin zafi na workpiece. Haɗuwa da tsari na quenching da tempering ana kiransa magani na ƙarshe. Babban manufar quenching da fushi shine:

1) Rage damuwa na ciki kuma rage raguwa. Sassan da aka kashe suna da matuƙar damuwa da ɓarna. Za su kasance suna lalacewa ko ma fashe idan ba su da fushi cikin lokaci.

2) Daidaita kayan aikin injiniya na kayan aiki. Bayan quenching, da workpiece yana da high taurin da high brittleness. Ana iya daidaita shi ta hanyar fushi, taurin kai, ƙarfi, filastik, da tauri don saduwa da buƙatun aiki daban-daban na kayan aiki daban-daban.

3) Tabbatar da girman kayan aikin. Za a iya daidaita tsarin ƙarfe ta hanyar zafin rai don tabbatar da cewa babu nakasar da ke faruwa yayin amfani da gaba.

4) Inganta aikin yankan na wasu karafa na gami.
Tasirin fushi shine:

① Haɓaka kwanciyar hankali na ƙungiyar ta yadda tsarin aikin aikin ya daina canzawa yayin amfani don girman geometric da aikin ya kasance barga.

② Kawar da damuwa na ciki don inganta aikin aikin aikin da kuma daidaita girman geometric na workpiece.

③ Daidaita kayan aikin ƙarfe don biyan buƙatun amfani.

Dalilin da yasa tempering yana da waɗannan tasirin shine lokacin da zafin jiki ya tashi, aikin atomic yana ƙaruwa. Atom ɗin baƙin ƙarfe, carbon, da sauran abubuwan haɗakarwa a cikin ƙarfe na iya yaduwa da sauri don gane sake tsarawa da haɗuwa da barbashi, yana mai da shi rashin ƙarfi. Ƙungiyar da ba ta da daidaito a hankali ta rikiɗe zuwa ga daidaito, daidaiton kungiya. Kawar da damuwa na ciki kuma yana da alaƙa da raguwar ƙarfin ƙarfe lokacin da zafin jiki ya tashi. Lokacin da aka yi zafi na gaba ɗaya, taurin da ƙarfi yana raguwa, kuma filastik yana ƙaruwa. Mafi girman zafin zafin jiki, mafi mahimmancin canji a cikin waɗannan kaddarorin inji. Wasu karafa masu ƙarfi tare da babban abun ciki na abubuwan haɗakarwa zasu haifar da wasu kyawawan barbashi na mahaɗin ƙarfe lokacin da aka yi zafi a cikin kewayon zafin jiki na musamman, wanda zai ƙara ƙarfi da taurin. Wannan al'amari shi ake kira secondary hardening.
Bukatun zafin jiki: Kayan aiki tare da dalilai daban-daban yakamata a huce su a yanayin zafi daban-daban don biyan buƙatun amfani.

① Kayan aiki, bearings, carburized da taurare sassa, da kuma saman taurare sassa yawanci tempered kasa 250 ° C. Taurin yana canzawa kadan bayan yanayin zafi mai zafi, an rage yawan damuwa na ciki, kuma taurin ya dan inganta.

② Ruwan bazara yana da zafi a matsakaicin zafin jiki na 350 ℃ don samun elasticity mafi girma da tauri mai mahimmanci.

③ Sassan da aka yi da matsakaicin tsarin ƙarfe na carbon suna yawanci zafi a yanayin zafi na 500 ℃ don samun kyakkyawan wasa na ƙarfin da ya dace da tauri.

 

Lokacin da karfe yana da zafi a kusa da 300 ° C, sau da yawa yana ƙara raguwa. Ana kiran wannan al'amari nau'in tashin hankali na farko. Gabaɗaya, bai kamata a yi zafi a cikin wannan kewayon zafin jiki ba. Wasu karafa masu matsakaicin-carbon gami kuma suna da yuwuwar yin karyewa idan an sanyaya su a hankali zuwa zafin daki bayan zafi mai zafi. Wannan al'amari ana kiransa nau'in tashin hankali na biyu. Ƙara molybdenum zuwa karfe ko sanyaya a cikin mai ko ruwa yayin zafin jiki na iya hana nau'in fushi na biyu. Ana iya kawar da irin wannan ɓarna ta hanyar sake dumama nau'in ƙarfe na ƙarfe na ƙarfe na biyu zuwa ainihin zafin jiki.

A cikin samarwa, galibi ana dogara ne akan buƙatun aikin aikin aikin. Dangane da yanayin zafi daban-daban, zafin jiki ya kasu kashi-ƙananan zafin jiki, matsakaici-zazzabi, da zafi mai zafi. Tsarin maganin zafi wanda ya haɗu da quenching da zafin jiki mai zafi na gaba ana kiransa quenching da tempering, wanda ke nufin yana da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi da kuma ƙarfin filastik mai kyau.

1. Ƙananan zafin jiki mai zafi: 150-250 ° C, M hawan keke, yana rage damuwa na ciki da brittleness, inganta ƙwayar filastik, kuma yana da ƙarfi mafi girma da juriya. Na kasance ina yin kayan aikin aunawa, kayan aikin yankan, birgima, da sauransu.

2. Matsakaici zafin jiki tempering: 350-500 ℃, T sake zagayowar, high elasticity, wasu plasticity, da taurin. An yi amfani da shi don yin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ƙirƙira ya mutu, da sauransu.CNC machining part

3. High-zazzabi tempering: 500-650 ℃, S lokaci, tare da mai kyau m inji Properties. Na kasance ina yin kaya, crankshafts, da sauransu.

Menene normalizing?

Normalizing shine maganin zafi wanda ke inganta ƙarfin ƙarfe. Bayan an ƙona ɓangaren ƙarfe zuwa 30 ~ 50 ° C sama da zafin AC3, ana kiyaye shi da dumi da sanyaya iska. Babban fasalin shine cewa yawan sanyaya yana da sauri fiye da annealing kuma ƙasa da quenching. A lokacin daidaitawa, za a iya tace ƙwayar kristal na karfe a cikin ɗan sanyi mai sauri. Ba wai kawai ana iya samun ƙarfi mai gamsarwa ba, amma taurin (ƙimar AKV) kuma za'a iya ingantawa da ragewa sosai - yanayin yanayin fashewa. -Bayan normalizing jiyya na wasu low-alloy zafi birgima karfe faranti, low-alloy karfe forgings, da simintin gyaran kafa, da m inji Properties na kayan iya muhimmanci inganta, da kuma yankan yi an inganta.aluminum part

Normalizing yana da dalilai masu zuwa da amfani:

① Domin hypereutectoid karfe, normalizing da ake amfani da su kawar da overheated m-grained tsarin da Widmanstaten tsarin na simintin gyaran kafa, ƙirƙira, da weldments, da band tsarin a birgima kayan; tace hatsi; kuma za'a iya amfani dashi azaman maganin zafin jiki kafin quenching.

② Domin hypereutectoid karafa, normalizing iya kawar da reticulated sakandare cementite da kuma tace pearlite, inganta inji Properties da kuma sauqaqa m spheroidizing annealing.

③ Don ƙananan zanen ƙarfe na bakin ciki mai zurfi-carbon, daidaitawa na iya kawar da siminti kyauta a cikin iyakar hatsi don haɓaka aikin zane mai zurfi.

④ Don ƙananan ƙarfe na ƙarfe da ƙananan ƙarfe mai ƙarancin ƙarfe, daidaitawa na iya samun ƙarin tsarin flake pearlite, haɓaka taurin zuwa HB140-190, guje wa sabon abu na "wuka mai ɗaure" yayin yankan, da haɓaka machinability. Normalizing ya fi tattalin arziki da dacewa ga matsakaicin ƙarfe na carbon lokacin da ake samun daidaitawa da annealing.Bangaren gatari biyar na injina

⑤ Domin talakawa matsakaici carbon tsarin steels, inda inji Properties ba high, normalizing za a iya amfani da maimakon quenching da high-zazzabi tempering, wanda shi ne mai sauki aiki da kuma barga a cikin tsari da girman da karfe.

⑥ High zafin jiki normalizing (150～200 ℃ sama da Ac3) na iya rage abun da ke ciki segregation na simintin gyaran kafa da forgings saboda high watsa kudi a high yanayin zafi. Bayan daidaita yanayin zafi mai zafi, daidaitawar ƙananan zafin jiki na biyu na iya daidaita ƙwayar hatsi.

⑦ Ga wasu ƙananan ƙarfe da matsakaici-matsakaici-carbon gami da ake amfani da su a cikin injin tururi da tukunyar jirgi, ana amfani da daidaitawa sau da yawa don samun tsarin bainite. Sa'an nan, bayan high-zazzabi tempering, yana da kyau creep juriya lokacin amfani a 400-550 ℃.

⑧ Baya ga sassan karfe da karfe, ana amfani da al'ada sosai a cikin maganin zafi na ductile baƙin ƙarfe don samun matrix pearlite da kuma inganta ƙarfin ƙarfe na ductile.

Tunda halayyar daidaitawa shine sanyaya iska, yanayin zafin jiki, hanyar tarawa, iska, da girman aikin duk suna shafar tsari da aiki bayan daidaitawa. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da tsarin daidaitawa azaman hanyar rarrabuwa don gami da ƙarfe. Gabaɗaya, ana rarraba kayan ƙarfe zuwa pearlite, bainite, martensitic, da austenitic ƙarfe bisa tsarin da aka samu ta hanyar sanyaya iska bayan samfurin mai diamita na 25 mm yana mai zafi zuwa 900 ° C.

Menene annealing?

Annealing wani tsari ne na maganin zafi na karfe wanda ke dumama karfen a hankali zuwa wani yanayi na musamman, yana adana shi na tsawon lokaci mai yawa, sannan kuma ya sanyaya shi cikin saurin da ya dace. Maganin zafi mai raɗaɗi an raba shi zuwa rashin cikawa,g, da kawar da damuwa. Ana iya gwada kaddarorin injiniyoyi na kayan da aka toshe ta hanyar gwaji mai ƙarfi ko taurin. Ana ba da karafa da yawa a cikin yanayin maganin zafi da aka rufe. Mai gwajin taurin Rockwell na iya gwada taurin karfe don gwada taurin HRB. Don ƙananan faranti na ƙarfe, ƙwanƙarar ƙarfe da bututun ƙarfe na bakin ciki, ana iya amfani da gwajin taurin dutsen Rockwell don gwada taurin HRT. .

Manufar annealing shine:

① Haɓaka ko kawar da lahani na tsari da ragowar matsalolin da ke haifar da simintin ƙarfe, ƙirƙira, mirgina, da walda, da hana nakasawa da tsattsage kayan aikin.

② Tausasa kayan aikin don yankan.

③ Tace hatsi da inganta tsarin don inganta kayan aikin injiniya na kayan aiki.

④ Shirya ƙungiyar don maganin zafi na ƙarshe (quenching, tempering).

Hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su na annealing sune:

① An shafe gaba ɗaya. Ana amfani da shi don tace ƙaƙƙarfan tsari mai zafi tare da ƙayyadaddun kayan inji bayan simintin, ƙirƙira, g, da matsakaicin walda da ƙananan ƙarfe na carbon. Heat da workpiece zuwa 30-50 ℃ sama da zazzabi a cikin abin da duk ferrite aka canza zuwa austenite, ajiye shi na wani lokaci, sa'an nan sannu a hankali kwantar da tanderu. A lokacin aikin sanyaya, austenite yana sake canzawa don sa tsarin ƙarfe ya fi kyau.

② Spheroidizing annealing. Ana amfani da su don rage girman taurin kayan aiki da ƙarfe na ƙarfe bayan ƙirƙira. The workpiece ne mai tsanani zuwa 20-40 ° C sama da zafin jiki a wanda karfe Forms austenite sa'an nan a hankali sanyi bayan rike da zazzabi. A lokacin aikin sanyaya, siminti na lamellar a cikin pearlite ya zama mai siffar zobe, yana rage taurin.

③ Annealing isothermal. Yana rage taurin wasu kayan haɗin gwal tare da mafi girman nickel da abun ciki na chromium don yanke. Gabaɗaya, ana sanyaya shi zuwa mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki na austenite a cikin saurin sauri. Bayan riƙe da lokacin da ya dace, austenite yana canzawa zuwa troostite ko sorbite, kuma za'a iya rage taurin.

④ Recrystallization annealing. Yana kawar da sabon abu mai tauri (ƙara cikin tauri da raguwa a cikin filastik) na waya na ƙarfe da takarda yayin zane da mirgina sanyi. Yawan zafin jiki na dumama shine 50 zuwa 150 ° C ƙasa da zafin jiki wanda karfe ya fara samar da austenite. Ta wannan hanyar kawai za a iya kawar da tasirin aiki mai ƙarfi, kuma ana iya yin laushi da ƙarfe.

⑤ Haɓaka zane-zane. Ana amfani da shi don yin simintin ƙarfe mai ɗauke da adadi mai yawa na siminti zuwa baƙin ƙarfe mai yuwuwa tare da filastik mai kyau. Ayyukan tsari shine don zafi da simintin gyare-gyare zuwa kimanin 950 ° C, kiyaye shi dumi na wani lokaci, sa'an nan kuma sanyaya shi yadda ya kamata don lalata siminti don samar da flocculent graphite.

⑥ Yaduwa annealing. Ana amfani da shi don daidaita tsarin sinadarai na simintin gyare-gyaren gami da haɓaka aikin sa. Hanyar ita ce don zafi da simintin gyare-gyare zuwa mafi girman zafin jiki ba tare da narke shi na dogon lokaci ba kuma a hankali a hankali bayan yaduwar abubuwa daban-daban a cikin gami, wanda ke kula da rarrabawa daidai.

⑦ Taimakawa damuwa annealing. Yana kawar da damuwa na ciki na simintin ƙarfe da sassa na walda. Don samfuran ƙarfe, zafin jiki wanda austenite ya fara farawa bayan dumama shine 100-200 ℃, kuma ana iya kawar da damuwa na ciki ta hanyar sanyaya cikin iska bayan riƙe zafin jiki.