Yadda Ake Bambance Quenching, Tempering, Normalizing, Annealing

Menene fushi?

Tempering wani tsari ne na maganin zafi wanda kayan ƙarfe ko ɓangaren da aka kashe ana dumama su zuwa wani zafin jiki, kiyaye shi na wani ɗan lokaci, sannan a sanyaya ta wata hanya. Tempering wani aiki ne da ake yi nan da nan bayan quenching, kuma yawanci shine sashi na ƙarshe na maganin zafi na workpiece. A tsari, don haka a hade tsari na quenching da tempering ake kira karshe magani. Babban manufar quenching da fushi shine:

1) Rage damuwa na ciki kuma rage raguwa. Sassan da aka kashe suna da tsananin damuwa da karyewa. Idan ba su da fushi a cikin lokaci, za su kasance da lalacewa ko ma tsagewa.

2) Daidaita kayan aikin injiniya na kayan aiki. Bayan quenching, da workpiece yana da high taurin da high brittleness. Domin saduwa da daban-daban yi bukatun na daban-daban workpieces, shi za a iya gyara ta tempering, taurin, ƙarfi, roba da tauri.

3) Tabbatar da girman kayan aikin. Za a iya daidaita tsarin ƙarfe ta hanyar zafin rai don tabbatar da cewa babu nakasar da ke faruwa a tsarin amfani na gaba.

4) Inganta aikin yankan na wasu karafa na gami.
Tasirin fushi shine:

① Haɓaka kwanciyar hankali na ƙungiyar, don haka tsarin aikin aikin ba zai canza ba yayin amfani, don girman geometric da aikin aikin ya kasance karko.

② Kawar da damuwa na ciki don inganta aikin aikin aikin da kuma daidaita girman geometric na workpiece.

③ Daidaita kayan aikin ƙarfe don biyan buƙatun amfani.

Dalilin da yasa tempering yana da waɗannan tasirin shine cewa lokacin da zafin jiki ya tashi, aikin atomic yana ƙaruwa, kuma atom ɗin ƙarfe, carbon da sauran abubuwan alloying a cikin ƙarfe na iya yaduwa da sauri don gane sake tsarawa da haɗuwa da ƙwayoyin zarra, wanda ya sa ya zama mara ƙarfi. Ƙungiya mara daidaito a hankali ta rikiɗe zuwa tsayayyen ƙungiya, daidaitacce. Hakanan kawar da damuwa na ciki yana da alaƙa da raguwar ƙarfin ƙarfe lokacin da zafin jiki ya tashi. Lokacin da aka yi zafi na gaba ɗaya, taurin da ƙarfi yana raguwa, kuma filastik yana ƙaruwa. Mafi girman yanayin zafin jiki, mafi girman canji a cikin waɗannan kaddarorin inji. Wasu karafa masu ƙarfi tare da babban abun ciki na abubuwan haɗakarwa zasu haifar da wasu kyawawan barbashi na mahadi na ƙarfe lokacin da aka yi zafi a cikin wani yanayin zafin jiki, wanda zai ƙara ƙarfi da taurin. Wannan al'amari shi ake kira secondary hardening.
Bukatun zafin jiki: kayan aiki tare da dalilai daban-daban yakamata a huce su a yanayin zafi daban-daban don saduwa da buƙatun amfani.

① Tools, bearings, carburized da taurare sassa, da kuma saman taurare sassa yawanci zafi a low zazzabi kasa 250 ° C. Taurin yana canzawa kadan bayan ƙarancin zafin jiki, damuwa na ciki yana raguwa, kuma taurin ya ɗan inganta.

② The spring ne tempered a matsakaici zafin jiki a 350 500 ℃ don samun mafi girma elasticity da kuma zama dole taurin.

③ Sassan da aka yi da matsakaicin tsarin ƙarfe na carbon suna yawanci zafi a babban zafin jiki a 500 ℃ 600 ℃ don samun kyakkyawan wasa na ƙarfin da ya dace da ƙarfi.

Lokacin da karfe yana da zafi a kusa da 300 ° C, sau da yawa yana ƙara raguwa. Ana kiran wannan al'amari nau'in tashin hankali na farko. Gabaɗaya, bai kamata a yi zafi a cikin wannan kewayon zafin jiki ba. Wasu karafa masu matsakaicin-carbon gami kuma suna da yuwuwar yin karyewa idan an sanyaya su a hankali zuwa zafin daki bayan zafi mai zafi. Wannan al'amari ana kiransa nau'in tashin hankali na biyu. Ƙara molybdenum zuwa karfe ko sanyaya a cikin mai ko ruwa yayin zafin jiki na iya hana nau'in fushi na biyu. Ana iya kawar da irin wannan ɓarna ta hanyar sake dumama nau'in ƙarfe na ƙarfe na ƙarfe na biyu zuwa ainihin zafin jiki.

A cikin samarwa, sau da yawa yana dogara ne akan bukatun aikin aikin aikin. Dangane da yanayin zafi daban-daban, zafin jiki ya kasu kashi zuwa ƙananan zafin jiki, matsakaicin zafin jiki, da zafin jiki mai zafi. Tsarin maganin zafi wanda ya haɗu da quenching da zafin jiki mai zafi na gaba shine ake kira quenching da tempering, wanda ke nufin cewa yana da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi da kuma ƙarfin filastik mai kyau.

1. Low-zazzabi zafin jiki: 150-250 ° C, M hawan keke, rage ciki danniya da brittleness, inganta filastik taurin, da kuma samun mafi girma taurin da kuma sa juriya. An yi amfani da shi don yin kayan aikin aunawa, kayan aikin yankan, birgima, da dai sauransu.

2. Matsakaicin zafin jiki tempering: 350-500 ℃, T sake zagayowar, tare da babban elasticity, wasu plasticity da taurin. An yi amfani da shi don yin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ƙirƙira ya mutu, da sauransu.CNC machining part

3. High zafin jiki tempering: 500-650 ℃, S lokaci, tare da mai kyau m inji Properties. An yi amfani da shi don yin gears, crankshafts, da dai sauransu.
Menene normalizing?

Normalizing shine maganin zafi wanda ke inganta ƙarfin ƙarfe. Bayan an ƙona ɓangaren ƙarfe zuwa 30 ~ 50 ° C sama da zafin AC3, ana kiyaye shi na ɗan lokaci sannan a sanyaya iska. Babban fasalin shine cewa yawan sanyaya yana da sauri fiye da annealing kuma ƙasa da quenching. A lokacin daidaitawa, za a iya tace ƙwayar kristal na karfe a cikin ɗan sanyi mai sauri. Ba wai kawai ana iya samun ƙarfi mai gamsarwa ba, har ma da ƙarfi (ƙimar AKV) za a iya ingantawa sosai kuma a rage halayen ɓangaren don fashewa. -Bayan normalizing jiyya na wasu low-alloy zafi birgima karfe faranti, low-alloy karfe forgings da simintin gyaran kafa, da m inji Properties na kayan za a iya ƙwarai inganta, da kuma yankan yi da aka inganta.aluminum part

Normalizing yana da dalilai masu zuwa da amfani:

① Domin hypoeutectoid karfe, ana amfani da normalizing don kawar da overheated m-grained tsarin da Widmanstaten tsarin simintin, ƙirƙira, da weldments, da band tsarin a birgima kayan; tace hatsi; kuma za'a iya amfani dashi azaman maganin zafin jiki kafin quenching.

② Domin hypereutectoid karafa, normalizing iya kawar da reticulated sakandare cementite da kuma tace pearlite, wanda ba kawai inganta inji Properties, amma kuma sauƙaƙe spheroidizing annealing na gaba.

③ Don ƙananan zanen ƙarfe na bakin ciki mai zurfi-carbon, daidaitawa na iya kawar da siminti kyauta a cikin iyakar hatsi don haɓaka aikin zane mai zurfi.

④ Don ƙananan ƙarfe na ƙarfe da ƙananan ƙarfe mai ƙarancin ƙarfe, daidaitawa na iya samun ƙarin tsarin flake pearlite, haɓaka taurin zuwa HB140-190, guje wa sabon abu na "wuka mai ɗaure" yayin yankan, da haɓaka machinability. Don matsakaicin ƙarfe na carbon, yana da mafi tattalin arziki da dacewa don amfani da daidaitawa lokacin da ake samun daidaitawa da haɓakawa.5 gatari inji part

⑤ Domin talakawa matsakaici carbon tsarin steels, inda inji Properties ba high, normalizing za a iya amfani da maimakon quenching da high zafin jiki tempering, wanda ba kawai sauki aiki, amma kuma barga a cikin tsari da kuma girman da karfe.

⑥ High zafin jiki normalizing (150～200 ℃ sama da Ac3) na iya rage abun da ke ciki segregation na simintin gyaran kafa da forgings saboda high watsa kudi a high zafin jiki. Za'a iya tace ƙwaya mara nauyi bayan daidaita yanayin zafin jiki ta hanyar daidaita yanayin zafi na biyu.

⑦ Domin wasu low- da matsakaici-carbon gami steels amfani a turbines turbines da boilers, normalizing ne sau da yawa amfani da samun bainite tsarin, sa'an nan bayan high zafin jiki tempering, yana da kyau creep juriya lokacin amfani a 400-550 ℃.

⑧ Baya ga sassan karfe da karfe, ana amfani da al'ada sosai a cikin maganin zafi na ductile baƙin ƙarfe don samun matrix pearlite kuma inganta ƙarfin ƙarfe na ductile.

Tunda halayyar daidaitawa shine sanyaya iska, yanayin zafin jiki, hanyar stacking, iska da girman aikin duk suna shafar ƙungiyar da aiki bayan daidaitawa. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da tsarin daidaitawa azaman hanyar rarrabuwa don gami da ƙarfe. Gabaɗaya, ana rarraba kayan ƙarfe zuwa ƙarfe na pearlite, ƙarfe bainite, ƙarfe na martensitic da ƙarfe austenitic bisa tsarin da aka samu ta hanyar sanyaya iska bayan samfurin mai diamita na 25 mm yana mai zafi zuwa 900 ° C.
Menene annealing?

Annealing wani tsari ne na maganin zafi na karfe wanda ke dumama karfen a hankali zuwa wani yanayi mai zafi, yana adana shi na tsawon lokaci mai yawa, sannan kuma ya sanyaya shi cikin saurin da ya dace. Maganin zafi mai raɗaɗi ya kasu kashi zuwa cikakkiyar ɓarna, ɓarnar da ba ta cika da damuwa ba. Ana iya gwada kaddarorin inji na kayan da aka toshe ta hanyar gwajin juzu'i ko gwajin taurin. Ana ba da karafa da yawa a cikin yanayin maganin zafi da aka rufe. Za a iya gwada taurin karfe ta Rockwell hardness tester don gwada taurin HRB. Don ƙananan faranti na ƙarfe, ƙwanƙarar ƙarfe da bututun ƙarfe na bakin ciki, ana iya amfani da gwajin taurin dutsen Rockwell don gwada taurin HRT. .

Manufar annealing shine:

① Haɓaka ko kawar da lahani daban-daban na tsarin da sauran matsalolin da suka haifar da simintin ƙarfe, ƙirƙira, mirgina da walda, da hana nakasawa da fashewar kayan aikin.

② Tausasa kayan aikin don yankan.

③ Tace hatsi da inganta tsarin don inganta kayan aikin injiniya na kayan aiki.

④ Shirya ƙungiyar don maganin zafi na ƙarshe (quenching, tempering).
Hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su na annealing sune:

① An shafe gaba ɗaya. Ana amfani da shi don tace ƙaƙƙarfan tsari mai zafi tare da ƙarancin kayan inji bayan simintin gyare-gyare, ƙirƙira da walda na matsakaici da ƙananan ƙarfe na carbon. Heat da workpiece zuwa 30-50 ℃ sama da zazzabi a cikin abin da duk ferrite aka canza zuwa austenite, ajiye shi na wani lokaci, sa'an nan kuma sannu a hankali kwantar da tanderu. A lokacin aikin sanyaya, austenite yana sake canzawa don sa tsarin ƙarfe ya fi kyau. .

② Spheroidizing annealing. Ana amfani da shi don rage girman taurin kayan aiki da ƙarfe mai ɗaukar nauyi bayan ƙirƙira. Aikin aikin yana mai zafi zuwa 20-40 ° C sama da zafin jiki wanda karfe ya fara samar da austenite, sannan kuma a hankali sanyaya bayan riƙe zafin jiki. A lokacin aikin sanyaya, siminti na lamellar a cikin pearlite ya zama mai siffar zobe, don haka rage taurin.

③ Annealing isothermal. Ana amfani da shi don rage babban taurin wasu kayan haɗin gwal tare da mafi girman nickel da abun ciki na chromium don yankan. Gabaɗaya, ana fara sanyaya shi zuwa mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki na austenite a cikin saurin sauri, kuma bayan riƙe da lokacin da ya dace, austenite yana rikida zuwa troostite ko sorbite, kuma ana iya rage taurin.

④ Recrystallization annealing. Ana amfani da shi don kawar da abubuwan taurara (ƙara cikin tauri da raguwa a cikin filastik) na waya na ƙarfe da takarda yayin zane mai sanyi da mirgina sanyi. Yawan zafin jiki na dumama shine 50 zuwa 150 ° C ƙasa da zafin jiki wanda karfe ya fara samar da austenite. Ta wannan hanyar kawai za'a iya kawar da tasirin aiki mai ƙarfi kuma ana iya yin laushi da ƙarfe.

⑤ Haɓaka zane-zane. Ana amfani da shi don yin simintin ƙarfe mai ɗauke da adadi mai yawa na siminti zuwa baƙin ƙarfe mai yuwuwa tare da filastik mai kyau. Ayyukan tsari shine don zafi da simintin gyare-gyare zuwa kimanin 950 ° C, kiyaye shi dumi na wani ɗan lokaci sannan a kwantar da shi yadda ya kamata don lalata siminti don samar da flocculent graphite.

⑥ Yaduwa annealing. Ana amfani da shi don daidaita tsarin sinadarai na simintin gyare-gyaren gami da haɓaka aikin sa. Hanyar ita ce zazzage simintin zuwa mafi girman zafin jiki ba tare da narkewa ba, kuma a ajiye shi na dogon lokaci, sannan a hankali a hankali bayan yaɗuwar abubuwa daban-daban a cikin gami yana son rarraba daidai gwargwado.

⑦ Taimakawa damuwa annealing. Ana amfani dashi don kawar da damuwa na ciki na simintin ƙarfe da sassa na walda. Don samfuran ƙarfe, zafin jiki wanda austenite ya fara farawa bayan dumama shine 100-200 ℃, kuma ana iya kawar da damuwa na ciki ta hanyar sanyaya cikin iska bayan riƙe zafin jiki.