1. Rarraba kayan aunawa
Kayan aunawa ƙayyadaddun na'ura ce da aka yi amfani da ita don haɓakawa ko samar da ɗaya ko fiye sanannun ƙima. Ana iya rarraba kayan aikin auna cikin waɗannan nau'ikan masu zuwa bisa yawan amfanin su:
Kayan aikin aunawa guda ɗaya:Kayan aiki wanda ke nuna ƙima ɗaya kawai. Ana iya amfani da shi don daidaitawa da daidaita sauran kayan aunawa ko a matsayin ma'auni mai yawa don kwatanta kai tsaye da abin da aka auna, kamar tubalan aunawa, tubalan auna kusurwa, da sauransu.
Kayan aikin aunawa da yawa:Kayan aiki wanda zai iya nuna saitin ma'auni iri ɗaya. Hakanan yana iya daidaitawa da daidaita sauran kayan aunawa ko kwatanta kai tsaye da adadin da aka auna azaman ma'auni, kamar mai sarrafa layi.
Kayan aikin aunawa na musamman:Kayan aikin da aka tsara musamman don gwada takamaiman siga. Na kowa sun hada da santsi iyaka gauges don duba santsi cylindrical ramuka ko shafts, zaren ma'auni domin kayyade cancantar ciki ko na waje zaren, dubawa shaci domin kayyade cancantar na hadaddun siffa surface contours, aiki ma'auni don gwada daidaito taro ta amfani da kwaikwayi passability taro, da sauransu.
Gabaɗaya kayan aikin aunawa:A kasar Sin, ana kiran na'urori masu aunawa tare da sassaukan tsari a matsayin kayan aikin aunawa na duniya, irin su vernier calipers, micrometers na waje, alamun bugun kira, da sauransu.
2. Fasaha yi Manuniya na auna kayan
Ƙimar ƙima
Ana yin bayanin ƙimar ƙima akan kayan aikin aunawa don nuna halayen sa ko jagorar amfani da shi. Ya haɗa da ma'auni da aka yi alama akan ma'aunin ma'auni, mai mulki, kusurwar da aka yi alama akan shingen aunawa, da sauransu.
Ƙimar rarraba
Ƙimar rarrabuwa ita ce bambanci tsakanin ƙimar da ke wakilta da layukan maƙwabta (mafi ƙarancin ƙima) akan mai mulkin kayan aunawa. Misali, idan bambamcin kimar da ke wakilta da layukan da aka zana kusa da su akan bambancin silinda na micrometer na waje shine 0.01mm, ƙimar rabon kayan aikin shine 0.01mm. Ƙimar rarrabuwa tana wakiltar ƙaramin ƙima na raka'a wanda kayan awo zai iya karantawa kai tsaye, yana nuna daidaito da daidaiton aunawa.
Kewayon aunawa
Matsakaicin ma'auni shine kewayo daga ƙananan iyaka zuwa babba na ƙimar da aka auna wanda kayan auna zai iya aunawa cikin rashin tabbas da aka yarda. Misali, ma'aunin ma'aunin micrometer na waje shine 0-25mm, 25-50mm, da dai sauransu, yayin da ma'aunin ma'aunin injina shine 0-180mm.
Ƙarfin aunawa
Ƙarfin aunawa yana nufin matsin lamba tsakanin binciken kayan aikin aunawa da saman da aka auna yayin ma'aunin lamba. Ƙarfin ma'auni mai yawa na iya haifar da nakasawa na roba, yayin da ƙarancin ma'auni zai iya rinjayar kwanciyar hankali na lamba.
Kuskuren nuni
Kuskuren nuni shine bambanci tsakanin karatun kayan aunawa da ainihin ƙimar da ake aunawa. Yana nuna kurakurai iri-iri a cikin kayan auna kanta. Kuskuren nuni ya bambanta a wuraren aiki daban-daban a cikin kewayon nunin kayan aiki. Gabaɗaya, ana iya amfani da auna tubalan ko wasu ma'auni tare da daidaitattun daidaito don tabbatar da kuskuren nuni na kayan awo.
3. Zaɓin kayan aikin aunawa
Kafin ɗaukar kowane ma'auni, yana da mahimmanci a zaɓi kayan aikin auna daidai bisa takamaiman halaye na ɓangaren da ake gwadawa, kamar tsayi, faɗi, tsayi, zurfin, diamita na waje, da bambancin sashe. Kuna iya amfani da calipers, ma'aunin tsayi, micrometers, da zurfin ma'auni don ma'auni daban-daban. Ana iya amfani da micrometer ko caliper don auna diamita na sandar. Ma'aunin toshe, ma'aunin toshewa, da ma'aunin jigo sun dace don auna ramuka da tsagi. Yi amfani da mai mulki don auna madaidaitan kusurwoyi na sassa, ma'aunin R don auna ƙimar R, kuma la'akari da girma na uku da ma'aunin aniline lokacin da ake buƙatar babban daidaito ko ƙaramin haƙuri ko lokacin ƙididdige juriyar jumhuriya. A ƙarshe, ana iya amfani da na'urar gwaji don auna taurin karfe.
1. Aikace-aikacen Calipers
Calipers kayan aiki ne masu yawa waɗanda zasu iya auna diamita na ciki da na waje, tsayi, faɗi, kauri, bambancin mataki, tsayi, da zurfin abubuwa. Ana amfani da su sosai a wuraren sarrafawa daban-daban saboda dacewa da daidaito. Calipers na dijital, tare da ƙuduri na 0.01mm, an tsara su musamman don auna ma'auni tare da ƙananan haƙuri, suna ba da daidaito mai girma.
Katin tebur: ƙuduri na 0.02mm, ana amfani da shi don auna girman al'ada.
Vernier caliper: ƙuduri na 0.02mm, ana amfani da shi don ma'aunin mashin ɗin.
Kafin amfani da caliper, ya kamata a yi amfani da farar takarda mai tsabta don cire ƙura da datti ta amfani da saman aunawa na waje na caliper don riƙe farar takarda sannan a cire ta a dabi'a, maimaita sau 2-3.
Lokacin amfani da ma'auni don aunawa, tabbatar da cewa saman ma'auni na caliper yayi layi ɗaya ko daidai da saman ma'auni na abin da ake auna gwargwadon iyawa.
Lokacin amfani da ma'aunin zurfin, idan abin da ake auna yana da kusurwar R, ya zama dole a guje wa kusurwar R amma ku tsaya kusa da shi. Ya kamata a kiyaye ma'aunin zurfin daidai da tsayin da ake auna gwargwadon yiwuwar.
Lokacin auna silinda tare da caliper, juya kuma auna a cikin sassan don samun iyakar ƙimar.
Saboda yawan adadin calipers da ake amfani da su, aikin kulawa yana buƙatar yin iyakar ƙarfinsa. Bayan amfani da yau da kullun, yakamata a goge su da tsabta kuma a sanya su cikin akwati. Kafin amfani, yakamata a yi amfani da shingen aunawa don bincika daidaiton ma'aunin.
2. Aikace-aikacen Micrometer
Kafin amfani da micrometer, tsaftace lambar sadarwa da dunƙule saman da farar takarda mai tsabta. Yi amfani da micrometer don auna saman lamba da dunƙule saman ta hanyar matsa farar takarda sannan a ciro ta a zahiri sau 2-3. Sannan, karkatar da ƙulli don tabbatar da saurin haɗuwa tsakanin saman. Lokacin da suke cikin cikakkiyar hulɗa, yi amfani da daidaitawa mai kyau. Bayan ɓangarorin biyu suna cikin cikakkiyar tuntuɓar, daidaita ma'aunin sifili sannan ku ci gaba da aunawa. Lokacin auna kayan aiki tare da micrometer, daidaita ƙugiya kuma yi amfani da daidaitaccen daidaitawa don tabbatar da an taɓa kayan aikin da sauri. Lokacin da kuka ji sautunan danna sau uku, tsaya kuma karanta bayanan daga allon nuni ko sikelin. Don samfuran robobi, a hankali a taɓa farfajiyar lamba kuma ku dunƙule samfurin. Lokacin auna diamita na shaft tare da micrometer, auna aƙalla kwatance biyu kuma rikodin iyakar ƙimar a cikin sassan. Tabbatar cewa duka saman tuntuɓar na'urar micrometer duka suna da tsabta a kowane lokaci don rage kurakuran auna.
3. Aikace-aikacen mai mulki mai tsayi
Ana amfani da ma'aunin tsayi da farko don auna tsayi, zurfin, flatness, perpendicularity, concentricity, coaxiality, roughness surface, gear hakori runout, da zurfin. Lokacin amfani da ma'aunin tsayi, mataki na farko shine bincika ko kai mai aunawa da sassa daban-daban masu haɗawa sun sako-sako.
4. Aikace-aikacen ma'aunin ji
Ma'aunin ji ya dace don auna lebur, curvature, da madaidaiciya
Ma'aunin kwanciyar hankali:
Sanya sassan a kan dandamali kuma auna rata tsakanin sassan da dandamali tare da ma'auni mai ji (bayanin kula: ya kamata a matsa ma'aunin jigon a kan dandamali ba tare da wani rata ba yayin aunawa).
Ma'aunin madaidaiciya:
Juya sashin da ke kan dandamali sau ɗaya kuma auna rata tsakanin ɓangaren da dandamali tare da ma'aunin jin daɗi.
Ma'aunin lanƙwasa:
Sanya sassan a kan dandamali kuma zaɓi ma'auni mai dacewa don auna rata tsakanin bangarorin biyu ko tsakiyar sassan da dandamali.
Ma'aunin a tsaye:
Sanya gefe ɗaya na kusurwar dama ta sifilin da aka auna akan dandamali, kuma sanya ɗayan gefen damtse a kan madaidaicin kusurwar dama. Yi amfani da ma'aunin ji don auna matsakaicin tazara tsakanin abun da ke da madaidaicin kusurwa.
5. Aikace-aikacen ma'aunin toshe (alura):
Ya dace don auna diamita na ciki, faɗin tsagi, da share ramuka.
Lokacin da diamita na rami a cikin ɓangaren yana da girma kuma babu wani ma'aunin allura mai dacewa, ana iya amfani da ma'auni guda biyu tare don aunawa a cikin digiri na 360. Don kiyaye ma'aunin filogi a wurin kuma a sauƙaƙe aunawa, ana iya kiyaye su akan toshe mai siffa V mai maganadisu.
Ma'aunin buɗe ido
Ma'aunin rami na ciki: Lokacin da ake auna buɗaɗɗen, ana ɗaukar shigar shigar a matsayin cancanta, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin adadi mai zuwa.
Hankali: Lokacin aunawa da ma'aunin filogi, yakamata a saka shi a tsaye ba a tsaye ba.
6. Daidaitaccen kayan aunawa: anime
Anime kayan aunawa mara lamba ne wanda ke ba da babban aiki da daidaito. Abun ji na kayan aunawa baya tuntuɓar saman abin da aka auna kai tsayesassa na likitanci, don haka babu wani ƙarfin injin da ke aiki akan ma'aunin.
Anime yana aika hoton da aka ɗauka zuwa katin sayan bayanan kwamfuta ta hanyar tsinkaya ta hanyar layin bayanai, sannan software ta nuna hotunan akan kwamfutar. Yana iya auna abubuwa daban-daban na geometric (maki, layi, da'ira, arcs, ellipses, rectangles), nisa, kusurwoyi, wuraren tsaka-tsaki, da juriya na matsayi (zagaye, madaidaiciya, daidaici, daidaito, karkata, daidaiton matsayi, maida hankali, daidaitawa) akan sassa. , kuma yana iya yin zanen kwane-kwane na 2D da fitarwa na CAD. Wannan kayan aikin ba wai kawai yana ba da damar lura da kwane-kwane na kayan aikin ba amma kuma yana iya auna yanayin saman kayan aikin opaque.
Ma'aunin kashi na al'ada na geometric: Da'irar ciki a cikin ɓangaren da aka nuna a cikin adadi, kusurwa ce mai kaifi kuma ana iya auna ta kawai ta tsinkaya.
Lura da kayan aikin lantarki: ruwan tabarau na anime yana da aikin haɓakawa don duba rashin ƙarfi bayan injin lantarki (girmama hoton da sau 100).
Ƙananan girman ma'aunin tsagi mai zurfi
Gane kofa:A lokacin sarrafa ƙura, sau da yawa akan sami wasu ƙofofin da ke ɓoye a cikin ramin, kuma ba a yarda da kayan gano daban-daban su auna su. Don samun girman ƙofar, za mu iya amfani da laka na roba don manne a kan ƙofar roba. Sa'an nan kuma, za a buga siffar ƙofar roba a kan yumbu. Bayan haka, ana iya auna girman hatimin yumbu ta amfani da hanyar caliper.
Lura: Tunda babu ƙarfin injina yayin aunawar anime, za a yi amfani da ma'aunin anime gwargwadon yuwuwar samfuran sirara da taushi.
7. Daidaitaccen kayan aunawa: mai girma uku
Halayen ma'aunin 3D sun haɗa da babban daidaito (har zuwa matakin µm) da duniya baki ɗaya. Ana iya amfani da shi don auna abubuwa na geometric kamar silinda da mazugi, juriya na geometric kamar cylindricity, flatness, bayanin martabar layi, bayanin martaba, da coaxial, da kuma filaye masu rikitarwa. Muddin binciken mai girma uku zai iya isa wurin, zai iya auna ma'auni na geometric, matsayi na juna, da bayanin martaba. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya amfani da kwamfutoci don sarrafa bayanai. Tare da babban madaidaicin sa, sassauci, da damar dijital, ma'aunin 3D ya zama kayan aiki mai mahimmanci don sarrafa ƙirar zamani, masana'anta, da tabbacin inganci.
Wasu gyare-gyaren ana gyara su kuma a halin yanzu ba su da zane-zane na 3D. A irin waɗannan lokuta, ana iya auna ma'auni masu daidaitawa na abubuwa daban-daban da madaidaitan saman da ba bisa ka'ida ba. Ana iya fitar da waɗannan ma'auni ta amfani da software na zane don ƙirƙirar zane-zane na 3D dangane da abubuwan da aka auna. Wannan tsari yana ba da damar aiki da sauri da daidaitaccen aiki da gyarawa. Bayan saita masu daidaitawa, ana iya amfani da kowane batu don auna ma'auni.
Lokacin aiki tare da sassan da aka sarrafa, yana iya zama ƙalubale don tabbatar da daidaito tare da ƙira ko gano rashin dacewa yayin haɗuwa, musamman lokacin da ake mu'amala da kwandon ƙasa mara kyau. A irin waɗannan lokuta, ba zai yiwu a auna abubuwan geometric kai tsaye ba. Duk da haka, ana iya shigo da samfurin 3D don kwatanta ma'auni tare da sassan, yana taimakawa wajen gano kurakuran mashin. Ƙimar da aka auna suna wakiltar sabawa tsakanin ainihin ƙima da ƙididdiga, kuma ana iya gyarawa da haɓaka cikin sauƙi. (Hoton da ke ƙasa yana nuna bayanan karkata tsakanin ma'auni da ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga).
8. Aikace-aikacen gwajin taurin ƙarfi
Abubuwan gwajin taurin da aka saba amfani da su sune na'urar gwajin taurin Rockwell (tebur) da na'urar gwajin taurin Leeb (mai ɗaukar nauyi). Rukunin taurin da aka saba amfani da su sune Rockwell HRC, Brinell HB, da Vickers HV.
Rockwell hardness tester HR (Mai gwajin taurin tebur)
Hanyar gwajin taurin Rockwell tana amfani da ko dai mazugi na lu'u-lu'u mai saman kusurwar digiri 120 ko ƙwallon karfe mai diamita na 1.59/3.18mm. Ana danna wannan a cikin saman kayan da aka gwada a ƙarƙashin wani nau'in kaya, kuma ƙaƙƙarfan kayan yana ƙayyade ta zurfin shiga. Za'a iya raba taurin kayan daban-daban zuwa ma'auni daban-daban guda uku: HRA, HRB, da HRC.
HRA tana auna taurin ta amfani da nauyin 60kg da mazugi na lu'u lu'u-lu'u, kuma ana amfani da shi don kayan da ke da tsayin daka, kamar gami mai ƙarfi.
HRB tana auna taurin ta amfani da nauyin 100kg da diamita 1.58mm ƙwanƙarar ƙarfe, kuma ana amfani da ita don kayan da ke da ƙananan tauri, kamar baƙin ƙarfe da aka goge, da simintin ƙarfe, da tagulla.
HRC tana auna taurin ta amfani da nauyi mai nauyin kilo 150 da mazugi na lu'u-lu'u, kuma ana amfani da ita don kayan da ke da tauri mai tsayi, kamar ƙwanƙarar ƙarfe, ƙarfe mai zafi, wutan wuta da ƙarfe, da wasu bakin karfe.
Vickers hardness HV (yafi don auna taurin saman)
Don bincikar abin da ba a gani ba, yi amfani da mazugi mai murabba'in lu'u-lu'u tare da matsakaicin nauyin kilogiram 120 da babban kusurwar 136° don danna cikin saman kayan kuma a auna tsayin diagonal na ciki. Wannan hanya ta dace don tantance taurin manyan kayan aikin aiki da yadudduka masu zurfi.
Leeb hardness HL (mai gwada taurin wuya)
Taurin Leeb hanya ce don gwada taurin. Ana ƙididdige ƙimar taurin Leeb azaman rabon saurin dawowa na tasirin tasirin firikwensin taurin zuwa tasirin tasirin a nesa na 1mm daga saman kayan aikin yayin tasirin.cnc masana'antu tsari, wanda aka ninka da 1000.
Amfani:Gwajin taurin Leeb, bisa ka'idar taurin taurin Leeb, ya kawo sauyi ga hanyoyin gwajin taurin gargajiya. Ƙananan girman firikwensin taurin, kama da na alkalami, yana ba da damar gwajin taurin hannu akan kayan aiki a wurare daban-daban a wurin samarwa, damar da sauran masu gwajin taurin tebur ke ƙoƙarin daidaitawa.
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