I. Mechanical Njirimara nke ígwè
1. Ọnụ ego (σ S)
Mgbe a na-agbatị ígwè ma ọ bụ ihe nlele ahụ, nrụgide ahụ gafere njedebe na-agbanwe agbanwe, ọ bụrụgodị na nrụgide ahụ adịghị abawanye, ígwè ma ọ bụ ihe nlele ahụ ga-anọgide na-enwe nrụrụ plastik doro anya. A na-akpọ ihe a na-emepụta mkpụrụ, ebe mkpụrụ na-amịpụta bụ uru nrụgide kacha nta mgbe mkpụrụ na-apụta. Ọ bụrụ na Ps bụ ike mpụga na ebe mkpụrụ s na Fo bụ mpaghara obe nke ihe nlele ahụ, mgbe ahụ mkpụrụ okwu σ S = Ps/Fo (MPa).
2. Ike mpụta (σ 0.2)
Ebe mkpụrụ nke ụfọdụ ihe igwe anaghị apụta ìhè nke ukwuu, ọ dịghịkwa mfe ịlele ha. Ya mere, iji tụọ njirimara mkpụrụ nke ihe, a na-akọwapụta na nrụgide na-emepụta nrụrụ plastik na-adịgide adịgide hà nhata kpọmkwem uru (n'ozuzu 0.2% nke ogologo mbụ), nke a na-akpọ ike mkpụrụ ọnọdụ ma ọ bụ ike mpụta. 0.2.
3. Ike tensile (σ B)
Oke nrụgide ihe na-enweta n'oge esemokwu site na mmalite ruo oge ọ na-agbaji. Ọ na-egosi ike nke ígwè megide imebi. N'ikwekọ na ike nkwụsịtụ bụ ike mkpakọ, ike na-agbanwe agbanwe, wdg. Tọọ Pb dị ka ike kachasị ike tupu adọpụ ihe dị iche iche na Fo dị ka akụkụ akụkụ nke ihe atụ, mgbe ahụ, ike ike σ B = Pb / Fo ( MPa).
4. Mgbatị (δ S)
Pasent nke elongation plastik nke ihe mgbe ọ gbasasịrị na ogologo ihe nlele mbụ ka a na-akpọ elongation ma ọ bụ elongation.
5. Oke mkpụrụ-ike (σ S/ σ B)
A na-akpọ oke nke ebe mkpụrụ (ike mkpụrụ) nke ígwè na ike nkwụsịtụ ka a na-akpọ oke ike mkpụrụ. Dị elu nke mkpụrụ-ike ruru, elu ntụkwasị obi nke akụkụ nhazi. Oke mkpụrụ-ike nke nchara carbon n'ozuzu bụ 0.6-0.65, obere ihe nhazi alloy dị ala bụ 0.65-0.75, na ihe nhazi alloy bụ 0.84-0.86.
6. Isi ike
Isi ike na-egosi ihe na-eguzogide ihe dị mgbagwoju anya na-agbanye n'elu ya. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ihe ngosi arụmọrụ dị oke egwu nke ihe igwe. Nke dị elu nke ike n'ozuzu, ka mma na-eguzogide iyi. Ihe ngosi isi ike a na-ejikarị bụ Brinell hardness, Rockwell hardness na Vickers hardness.
1) Brinell Hardness (HB)
Bọọlụ nchara siri ike nke otu nha eneral 10mm) na-agbanye n'elu ihe ahụ na ibu dị iche iche (n'ozuzu 3000kg) ruo oge ụfọdụ. Mgbe ebutuchara ya, a na-akpọ oke ibu ahụ na mpaghara indentation Brinell Hardness (HB).
2) Rockwell Hardness (HR)
Mgbe HB> 450 ma ọ bụ ihe nlele ahụ pere mpe, enweghị ike iji nha ike ike Rockwell kama ịnwale ike ike Brinell. Ọ bụ cone diamond nke nwere akụkụ dị elu nke ogo 120 ma ọ bụ bọọlụ nchara nke nwere dayameta nke 1.59 na 3.18 mm, nke a na-agbanye n'elu ihe ahụ n'okpuru ụfọdụ ibu, na omimi nke ntinye na-ekpebi ike nke ihe ahụ. Enwere akpịrịkpa atọ dị iche iche iji gosi ike nke ihe a nwalere:
HRA: Isi ike enwetara site na ibu 60kg yana ihe nrụnye diamond cone etinyere n'ime ihe siri ike dị ka carbide cimented.
HRB: Isi ike nke enwetara site na ime ka bọọlụ nchara sie ike nke nwere ibu 100kg na dayameta nke 1.58mm. A na-eji ya eme ihe ndị nwere ike dị ala (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ígwè annealed, nkedo ígwè, wdg).
HRC: A na-enweta ike ike site n'iji ibu 150kg na mgbanaka cone diamond maka ihe ndị nwere isi ike dị elu, dị ka ígwè siri ike.
3) Vickers ike ike (HV)
Mpempe akwụkwọ cone square diamond na-eji ihe na-erughị 120 kg na akụkụ elu nke 136 degrees. A kọwapụtara uru hardness Vickers (HV) site na kewaa mpaghara elu nke ihe nbinye ihe site na uru ibu.
II. Ọla ojii na ọla ndị na-abụghị igwe
1. Ọla ọla
Ọ na-ezo aka na-abụghị ígwè na ígwè. Dị ka ígwè, ígwè ezi, ferroalloy, nkedo ígwè, wdg. ígwè na ezi ígwè bụ alloys dabeere na ígwè na tumadi kwukwara na carbon. A na-akpọkọta ha FERROCARBON alloys.
A na-eme ígwè ezì site na ịgbaze ọla n'ime ọkụ na-agbawa agbawa, a na-ejikarị ya eme ígwè na nkedo.
A na-agbaze ígwè ezi nke anụ ezi n'ime ọkụ na-agbaze ígwè iji nweta ígwè nkedo (ígwè mmiri mmiri nwere ọdịnaya carbon karịrị 2.11%). Tụba mmiri mmiri n'ime igwe nkedo, nke a na-akpọ nkedo.
Ferroalloy bụ alloy nke ígwè na ihe ndị dị ka silicon, manganese, chromium, na titanium. Ferroalloy bụ otu n'ime akụrụngwa eji eme nchara ma jiri ya mee ihe dị ka deoxidizer na mgbakwunye maka ihe alloy.
A na-akpọ ígwè ígwè-carbon alloy nwere carbon ọdịnaya nke na-erughị 2.11%. A na-enweta ígwè site n'itinye ígwè ezì maka nchara nchara n'ime ọkụ ọkụ na-agbaze ma gbazee ya dịka usoro a kapịrị ọnụ. Ngwaahịa igwe na-agụnye ingots, akwụkwọ ntanye nkedo na-aga n'ihu, na nkedo nchara dị iche iche kpọmkwem. N'ikwu okwu n'ozuzu, ígwè na-ezo aka nchara a na-atụgharị n'ime ọtụtụ mpempe akwụkwọ ígwè. Eji maka n'ichepụta ọkụ forged na-ekpo ọkụ na-enwe n'ibu akụkụ, oyi adọta na oyi na-atụ ekwe nchara, enweghị nkebi ígwè anwụrụ n'ibu n'ichepụta akụkụ,CNC machining akụkụ, naakụkụ nkedo.
2. Igwe anaghị agba nchara
Amarakwa dị ka ndị na-abụghị ferrousNonferrousfers na ọla na Allnonferroushan ferrous ọla, dị ka ọla kọpa, tin, lead, zinc, aluminum and brass, bronze, aluminum alloy and bear alloys. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, CNC lathe nwere ike hazie ihe dị iche iche, gụnyere 316 na 304 igwe anaghị agba nchara, carbon steel, carbon steel, aluminum alloy, zinc alloy material, aluminum alloy, ọla kọpa, ígwè, plastik, acrylic plates, POM, UHWM, na ndị ọzọ. ngwaọrụ. Enwere ike ịhazi ya n'imeCNC ntụgharị akụkụ, akụkụ-egwe ọka, na akụkụ dị mgbagwoju anya nwere akụkụ square na cylindrical. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a na-ejikwa chromium, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, cobalt, vanadium, tungsten, na titanium eme ihe na ụlọ ọrụ. A na-ejikarị ọla ndị a eme ihe dị ka ihe mgbakwunye alloy iji meziwanye njirimara ọla, ebe a na-eji tungsten, titanium, molybdenum, na carbides cimented ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ngwá ọrụ ịkpụ. A na-akpọ ọla ndị a na-adịghị afụfụ dị ka industrnonferrous. Na mgbakwunye, enwere ọla dị oke ọnụ ahịa dị ka platinum, ọla edo, ọla ọcha, na ọla ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe, gụnyere uranium redioaktivu na radium.
III. Nhazi nke ígwè
E wezụga ígwè na carbon, ihe ndị bụ́ isi nke ígwè gụnyere silicon, manganese, sọlfọ, r, na phosphorus.
Enwere ụzọ nhazi ọkwa dị iche iche maka ígwè, ndị bụ isi bụ ndị a:
1. Kewaa site Ogo
(1) igwe nkịtị (P <0.045%, S <0.050%)
(2) Nchara dị elu (P, S <0.035%)
(3) Nchara dị elu (P <0.035%, S <0.030%)
2. Nhazi site na ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ
(1) Carbon ígwè: a. Igwe carbon dị ala (C <0.25%); B. Ọkara carbon ígwè (C <0.25-0.60%); C. Igwe carbon dị elu (C <0.60%).
(2) Alloy ígwè: a. Obere alloy ígwè (ngụkọta ọdịnaya nke ihe alloy <5%); B. Ọkara alloy ígwè (ngụkọta ọdịnaya nke ihe alloy> 5-10%); C. Akwa alloy ígwè (ngụkọta ihe niile alloy element> 10%).
3. Nhazi site n'ịkpụ usoro
(1) Nchara arụrụ arụ; (2) Nkedo ígwè; (3) Nchara na-ekpo ọkụ; (4) Igwe oyi adọtara.
4. Nhazi site na Metallographic Organisation
(1) Steeti annealed: a. Hypoeutectoid ígwè (ferrite + pearlite); B. Eutectic ígwè (pearlite); C. Hypereutectoid ígwè (pearlite + cementite); D. Ledeburite ígwè (pearlite + cementite).
(2) Obere steeti: A. pearlitic ígwè; B. Bainitic ígwè; C. ígwè martensitic; D. Austenitic ígwè.
(3) Enweghị mgbanwe n'akụkụ ma ọ bụ mgbanwe akụkụ akụkụ
5. Kewaa site na iji
(1) Ngwongwo ụlọ na injinia: a. Carbon structural ígwè nkịtị; B. Low alloy structural ígwè; C. Nchara agbasiri ike.
(2) Nchara arụrụ arụ:
A. igwe igwe: (a) igwe ihe eji eme ihe; (b) Ngwongwo nhazi ihe na-eme ka ike sie ike, gụnyere carburized, amoniated, na nchara siri ike elu; (c) Nchara nhazi nke dị mfe ịkpụ; (d) rọba oyi na-akpụ ígwè, gụnyere oyi stamping ígwè na oyi isi igwe.
B. Mmiri ígwè
C. Na-ebu ígwè
(3) Ngwá ọrụ igwe: a. Carbon ngwá ọrụ ígwè; B. Alloy ngwá ọrụ ígwè; C. Ngwá ọrụ ngwa ngwa dị elu ígwè.
(4) Nchara arụ ọrụ pụrụ iche: a. Igwe anaghị agba nchara na-eguzogide acid; B. Igwe na-eguzogide okpomọkụ: gụnyere mgbochi oxidation ígwè, okpomọkụ-ike ígwè, na valve ígwè; C. Electrothermal alloy ígwè; D. Nchara na-eguzogide iyi; E. Igwe ọkụ dị ala; F. Igwe ọkụ eletrik.
(5) Ọkachamara ígwè - dị ka àkwà mmiri ígwè, ụgbọ mmiri ígwè, ji esi mmiri ọkụ ígwè, mgbali ụgbọ ígwè, ugbo ígwè ígwè, wdg.
6. Nhazi zuru oke
(1) Nchara nkịtị
A. Carbon nhazi ígwè: (a) Q195; (b) Q215 (A, B); (c) Q235 (A, B, C); (d) Q255 (A, B); (e) Q275.
B. Low alloy structural ígwè
C. General structural ígwè maka kpọmkwem nzube
(2) Nchara dị elu (gụnyere igwe dị elu)
A. Nrụpụta nchara: (a) Carbon structural steel dị elu; (b) Alloy structural ígwè; (c) igwe mmiri; (d) Nchara dị mfe ịkpụ; (e) Nchara na-ebu; (f) Nchara nhazi dị elu maka ebumnuche ụfọdụ.
B. Ngwá ọrụ ígwè: (a) Carbon ngwá ọrụ ígwè; (b) Alloy ngwá ọrụ ígwè; (c) Nchara ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa.
C. Nchara arụ ọrụ pụrụ iche: (a) igwe anaghị agba nchara na acid na-eguzogide; (b) ígwè na-eguzogide okpomọkụ; (c) Igwe ọkụ ọkụ eletrik; (d) igwe eletrik; (e) Nchara na-eguzogide nnukwu manganese.
7. Nhazi site na usoro mgbaze
(1) Dị ka ọkụ ụdị
A. Ntụgharị nchara: (a) nchara ngbanwe acid; (b) Nchara ngbanwe alkaline. Ma ọ bụ (a) nchara ngbanwe gbawara agbawa, (b) nchara ngbanwe n'akụkụ, (c) nchara ngbanwe nke elu.
B. Igwe ọkụ eletrik igwe: (a) Igwe ọkụ ọkụ eletrik igwe; (b) Electroslag igwe ọkụ; (c) nchara igwe induction; (d) Ngwongwo nchara na-eri ihe n'ọkụ; (e) Electron doo ọkụ nchara.
(2) Dị ka deoxidization ogo na wụsa usoro
A. Nchara nchara; B. Nchara nke dị jụụ; C. Egburu ígwè; D. Special gburu ígwè.
IV. Nchịkọta nke usoro nnọchi anya ọnụọgụ igwe na China
A na-anọchi anya akara ngwaahịa a site na ijikọta mkpụrụedemede ndị China, akara mmewere kemịkalụ na ọnụọgụ Arabic. Ya bụ:
(1) Akara kemịkalụ mba ụwa, dị ka Si, Mn, Cr, wdg, na-anọchi anya ihe kemịkalụ nọmba igwe. RE (ma ọ bụ Xt) na-anọchi anya ihe ndị agwakọtara agwakọta ihe ndị dị ụkọ n'ụwa.
(2) Aha ngwaahịa, ojiji, ụzọ mgbaze na ịwụsa, wdg, na-egosipụtakarị site na mbiri nke ụda olu ndị China.
(3) Ọnụọgụgụ Arabik na-egosipụta ọdịnaya nke kemịkalụ theleadingn (%) n'ime igwe.
Mgbe ị na-eji mkpụrụedemede Chinese iji nọchite anya aha ngwaahịa, ojiji, njirimara, na usoro nhazi, a na-ahọrọkarị mkpụrụedemede mbụ site na mkpụrụedemede China iji nọchite anya aha ngwaahịa. Mgbe ị na-emegharị mkpụrụedemede ahọpụtara nke ngwaahịa ọzọ, enwere ike iji mkpụrụedemede nke abụọ ma ọ bụ nke atọ, ma ọ bụ enwere ike họrọ mkpụrụedemede mbụ nke mkpụrụedemede China abụọ n'otu oge.
Ebe enweghị mkpụrụedemede Chinese ma ọ bụ mkpụrụedemede dị ugbu a, akara ga-abụ mkpụrụedemede Bekee.
Oge nzipu: Dec-12-2022