Otu esi amata ịma jijiji, iwe iwe, imeziwanye ihe, iwe ọkụ

Kedu ihe na-ewe iwe?

Okpomọkụ bụ usoro ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ nke a na-eme ka ihe metal ma ọ bụ akụkụ ahụ emenyụ ka ọ bụrụ okpomọkụ, debe ya ruo oge ụfọdụ, wee mee ka ọ dị jụụ n'ụzọ ụfọdụ. Tempering bụ ọrụ a na-eme ozugbo emechara, ma na-abụkarị akụkụ ikpeazụ nke ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ nke workpiece. Usoro, ya mere a na-akpọ usoro nchịkọta nke nkwụsị na iwe ọkụ na-akpọ ọgwụgwọ ikpeazụ. Isi ebumnuche nke imenyụ na iwe bụ:

1) Belata nrụgide dị n'ime ma belata nhịkọ. Akụkụ ndị ahụ emenyụọ nwere nnukwu nrụgide na mgbaji. Ọ bụrụ na ha anaghị ewe iwe n'oge, ha ga-enwekarị nrụrụ ma ọ bụ ọbụna ịgbawa.

2) Gbanwee n'ibu Njirimara nke workpiece. Mgbe quenching, workpiece nwere nnukwu ike ike na elu brittleness. Iji mezuo ihe dị iche iche chọrọ ịrụ ọrụ nke ụdị ọrụ dị iche iche, enwere ike ịhazi ya site na iwe ọkụ, ike, ike, plasticity na ike.

3) Kwado nha nke workpiece. Enwere ike ime ka ihe owuwu metallographic guzosie ike site na iwe iwe iji hụ na ọ nweghị nrụrụ emee na usoro ojiji n'ọdịnihu.

4) Meziwanye arụmọrụ ịkpụ nke ụfọdụ nchara alloy.
Mmetụta nke iwe iwe bụ:

① Mee ka nkwụsi ike nke nzukọ ahụ dịkwuo mma, nke mere na nhazi nke workpiece adịghịzi agbanwe mgbe a na-eji ya eme ihe, nke mere na geometric size na arụmọrụ nke workpiece nọgidere na-eguzosi ike.

② Wepụ nrụgide dị n'ime iji melite arụmọrụ nke workpiece ma mee ka geometric size nke workpiece guzosie ike.

③ Gbanwee akụrụngwa igwe nke igwe iji gboo ihe achọrọ iji mee ihe.

Ihe mere tempering nwere mmetụta ndị a bụ na mgbe okpomọkụ na-ebili, atomiki ọrụ na-abawanye, na atọm nke ígwè, carbon na ndị ọzọ alloying ọcha na ígwè nwere ike gbasaa ngwa ngwa ịghọta nhazigharị na Nchikota nke atọm, nke na-eme ka ọ na-ejighị n'aka. nzukọ na-enweghị isi ji nwayọọ nwayọọ ghọọ nzukọ kwụsiri ike ma kwụ ọtọ. Mwepụ nke nrụgide dị n'ime na-emetụtakwa mbelata nke ike ígwè mgbe okpomọkụ na-ebili. Mgbe nchara nchara n'ozuzu na-ewe iwe, ike na ike na-ebelata, na plasticity na-abawanye. Ihe dị elu nke okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, otú ahụ ka mgbanwe dị na ihe ndị a na-arụ ọrụ. Ụfọdụ nchara ígwè nwere ọdịnaya dị elu nke ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe ga-eme ka ụfọdụ akụkụ dị mma nke ogige ígwè dị mma mgbe a na-eme ka ọ dị ọkụ n'ụdị okpomọkụ, nke ga-eme ka ike na ike dịkwuo elu. A na-akpọ ihe omume a hardening nke abụọ.
Tempering chọrọ: workpieces nwere dị iche iche nzube kwesịrị iwe ọkụ dị iche iche okpomọkụ iji mezuo ihe a chọrọ na ojiji.

① Ngwá ọrụ, bearings, carburized na akụkụ siri ike, na akụkụ ndị siri ike n'elu na-emekarị ka ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ n'okpuru 250 ° C. Isi ike na-agbanwe ntakịrị mgbe iwe ọkụ dị ala, nrụgide dị n'ime na-ebelata, na ike na-adịwanye mma.

② Mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na ọkara okpomọkụ na 350 ℃ 500 ℃ iji nweta elu elasticity na mkpa siri ike.

③ Akụkụ mere nke ọkara carbon structural ígwè na-emekarị tempered na elu okpomọkụ na 500 ~ 600 ℃ iji nweta ezigbo egwuregwu nke kwesịrị ekwesị ike na siri ike.

Mgbe a na-ekpo ọkụ nchara n'ihe dị ka 300 Celsius, ọ na-abawanye ụbara ya. A na-akpọ ihe omume a ụdị nke mbụ nke iwe ọkụ. N'ozuzu, ọ kwesịghị iwe ọkụ na oke okpomọkụ a. Ụfọdụ nchara arụrụ arụ na-eme ka carbon-carbon na-adịkwa mfe ịghọ nke na-akụkpọ nkụ ma ọ bụrụ na ejiri nwayọọ nwayọọ mee ka ọ dị jụụ n'ime ụlọ mgbe okpomọkụ dị elu. A na-akpọ ihe omume a ụdị nke abụọ nke iwe ọkụ. Ịtinye molybdenum na ígwè ma ọ bụ jụrụ oyi na mmanụ ma ọ bụ mmiri n'oge okpomọkụ nwere ike igbochi ụdị nke abụọ nke iwe ọkụ. Enwere ike iwepụ ụdị mgbawa a site na ịmegharị ụdị nchara nke abụọ na-ekpo ọkụ na okpomọkụ nke mbụ.

Na mmepụta, ọ na-adaberekarị na ihe ndị a chọrọ maka ịrụ ọrụ nke workpiece. Dị ka okpomọkụ dị iche iche na-ekpo ọkụ si dị, a na-ekewa ọkụ ọkụ n'ime obere okpomọkụ, okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, na okpomọkụ dị elu. Usoro ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ nke na-ejikọta quenching na nke na-esote okpomọkụ dị elu na-akpọ quenching na tempering, nke pụtara na ọ nwere ike dị elu na ezigbo ike plastik.

1. Obere okpomọkụ dị ala: 150-250 ° C, M cycles, belata nrụgide dị n'ime na nhịkọ, meziwanye ike plastik, ma nwee ike dị elu ma na-eyi nguzogide. A na-eji ya eme ihe eji atụ ihe, ihe eji egbutu ihe, ihe na-agbagharị agbagharị, wdg.

2. Intermediate okpomọkụ tempering: 350-500 ℃, T okirikiri, na elu elasticity, ụfọdụ plasticity na hardness. A na-eji emepụta isi iyi, ịwa anwụ anwụ, wdg.CNC machining akụkụ

3. High okpomọkụ tempering: 500-650 ℃, S oge, na ezi keukwu n'ibu Njirimara. A na-eji eme ngwo, crankshafts, wdg.
Gịnị bụ normalizing?

Normalizing bụ ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ nke na-eme ka ike nke ígwè dịkwuo mma. Mgbe ihe nchara na-ekpo ọkụ na 30 ~ 50 ° C n'elu AC3 okpomọkụ, a na-ekpo ọkụ ruo oge ụfọdụ wee mee ka ikuku dị jụụ. Isi ihe dị na ya bụ na ọnụego jụrụ oyi na-adị ngwa ngwa karịa nkwụsịtụ ma dị ala karịa imenyụ. N'oge normalizing, mkpụrụ kristal nke ígwè nwere ike nụchaa na ngwa ngwa dị jụụ. Ọ bụghị naanị na ike na-eju afọ nwere ike nweta, kamakwa ike (AKV uru) nwere ike ime ka ọ dịkwuo mma ma belata ọchịchọ nke akụrụngwa na-agbawa. -Mgbe normalize ọgwụgwọ nke ụfọdụ obere alloy na-ekpo ọkụ na-akpọrepu ígwè efere, ala alloy ígwè forgings na nkedo, keukwu n'ibu Njirimara nke ihe nwere ike dị ukwuu mma, na ịcha arụmọrụ na-mma.akụkụ aluminom

Normalizing nwere ebumnuche na ojiji ndị a:

① N'ihi na hypoeutectoid steels, normalizing na-eji ikpochapụ ekpo oke ọkụ keadighi rarii Ọdịdị na Widmanstaten Ọdịdị nke nkedo, forging, na weldments, na band Ọdịdị na akpọrepu ihe; nụchaa ọka; enwere ike iji ya dị ka ọgwụgwọ tupu ikpo ọkụ tupu emenyụ.

② Maka ígwè hypereutectoid, normalizing nwere ike iwepụ cementite nke abụọ reticulated ma mee ka pearlite dị ọcha, nke na-abụghị nanị na-eme ka ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe dịkwuo mma, kamakwa na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ spheroidizing na-esote.

③ N'ihi na obere carbon miri-adọta mkpa nchara ibé, normalizing nwere ike iwepu free simenti na n'ókè ọka ka mma ya miri-eru arụmọrụ.

④ Maka obere carbon ígwè na obere carbon carbon alloy ígwè, normalizing nwere ike nweta ihe flake pearlite Ọdịdị, dịkwuo ike ka HB140-190, zere omume nke "ịrapara mma" n'oge ịkpụ, na melite machinability . Maka ọkara carbon ígwè, ọ na-akawanye mma ma dị mma iji normalizing mgbe ma normalizing na annealing dị.5 axes machined akụkụ

⑤ N'ihi na nkịtị ọkara carbon structural steels, ebe n'ibu Njirimara na-adịghị elu, normalizing ike ga-eji kama quenching na elu okpomọkụ tempering, nke bụ bụghị nanị mfe na-arụ ọrụ, ma kwụsie ike na Ọdịdị na size nke ígwè.

⑥ High okpomọkụ normalizing (150～200 ℃ n'elu Ac3) nwere ike ibelata mejupụtara segregation nke nkedo na forgings n'ihi na elu mgbasa ọnụego na elu okpomọkụ. Mkpụrụ ọka na-adịghị ahụkebe mgbe ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị elu nwere ike nụchaa site na nhazi ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nke abụọ dị ala.

⑦ N'ihi na ụfọdụ ala na-ajụ-carbon alloy steels eji na uzuoku turbines na boilers, normalizing na-ejikarị nweta bainite Ọdịdị, na mgbe ahụ, mgbe elu okpomọkụ tempering, ọ nwere ezi creep eguzogide mgbe eji na 400-550 ℃.

⑧ Na mgbakwunye na akụkụ ígwè na ígwè, a na-ejikwa normalizing eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ nke ígwè ductile iji nweta pearlite matrix ma melite ike nke ígwè ductile.

Ebe ọ bụ na njirimara nke normalizing bụ ikuku jụrụ oyi, okpomọkụ ambient, usoro nchịkọta, ikuku ikuku na nha workpiece niile na-emetụta nhazi na arụmọrụ mgbe emezigharị ya. A pụkwara iji usoro nhazi nke ọma mee ihe dị ka usoro nhazi ọkwa maka ígwè alloy. N'ozuzu, alloy steels na-ekewa n'ime pearlite ígwè, bainite ígwè, martensitic ígwè na austenitic ígwè dabere na ihe owuwu enwetara site ikuku jụrụ mgbe sample na dayameta nke 25 mm na-ekpo ọkụ na 900 ° C.
Gịnị bụ annealing?

Annealing bụ usoro ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ nke ígwè nke na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ekpo ọkụ metal ahụ ruo oge ụfọdụ, na-edebe ya ruo oge zuru ezu, wee mee ka ọ dị jụụ na ọsọ kwesịrị ekwesị. A na-ekewa ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ n'ime nkwụsị zuru oke, nkwụsịtụ na-ezughị ezu na nkwụsịtụ mgbakasị ahụ. Enwere ike ịnwale ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke ihe annealed site na nnwale tensile ma ọ bụ nnwale ike. A na-enye ọtụtụ nchara na steeti ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ annealed. Enwere ike ịnwale ike nke ígwè site na Rockwell hardness tester iji nwalee ike HRB. Maka efere ígwè dị gịrịgịrị, ibe nchara na ọkpọkọ ígwè nwere mgbidi, a pụrụ iji ihe nleba anya Rockwell hardness tester nwalee ike HRT. .

Ebumnobi nke mgbakasị ahụ bụ:

① Meziwanye ma ọ bụ kpochapụ ntụpọ nhazi dị iche iche na nrụgide fọdụrụnụ kpatara nkedo ígwè, ịgha, ịgbado na ịgbado ọkụ, ma gbochie nrụrụ na mgbawa nke workpiece.

② Mee ka workpiece dị nro maka ịkpụ.

③ Meziwanye ọka ma melite ihe owuwu ahụ iji melite akụrụngwa akụrụngwa nke workpiece.

④ Kwadebe nzukọ maka ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ ikpeazụ (quenching, tempering).
Usoro mgbakasị ahụ a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ:

① Annepụrụ kpamkpam. A na-eji ya mee ka ihe arụrụ arụ arụrụ arụ na-adịghị mma ihicha ihe owuwu ekpo oke ọkụ na-adịghị mma mgbe nkedo, ịgbado na ịgbado ọkụ nke ọkara na obere carbon ígwè. Kpoo workpiece ahụ ruo 30-50 ℃ n'elu okpomọkụ nke ferrite niile na-agbanwe ka ọ bụrụ austenite, debe ya ruo oge ụfọdụ, wee jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ mee ka ọkụ ahụ dị jụụ. N'oge usoro jụrụ oyi, austenite na-agbanwe ọzọ iji mee ka nhazi ígwè dị mma. .

② Spheroidizing annealing. A na-eji ya belata ike siri ike nke ígwè ọrụ na ihe na-ebu ígwè mgbe a na-emepụta ya. A na-ekpo ọkụ na-arụ ọrụ na 20-40 ° C n'elu okpomọkụ nke ígwè na-amalite ịmalite austenite, wee jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ mee ka ọ dị jụụ mgbe ọ na-ejide okpomọkụ. N'oge usoro jụrụ oyi, lamellar cimentite na pearlite na-aghọ okirikiri, si otú ahụ na-ebelata ike.

③ Isothermal annealing. A na-eji ya belata ike siri ike nke ụfọdụ ihe nrụnye alloy nwere ọdịnaya nickel na chromium dị elu maka ịkpụ. N'ozuzu, a na-ebu ụzọ mee ka ọ dị jụụ na okpomọkụ nke austenite na-adịghị eguzosi ike n'ike n'ike n'ike n'ike, na mgbe ejiri ya maka oge kwesịrị ekwesị, austenite na-agbanwe ghọọ troostite ma ọ bụ sorbite, na ike ibelata.

④ recrystalization annealing. A na-eji ya wepụ ihe na-eme ka ike sie ike (ịbawanye ike na ibelata na plasticity) nke waya ígwè na mpempe akwụkwọ n'oge ịse oyi na ntụgharị oyi. Igwe ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-adịkarị 50 ruo 150 Celsius C n'okpuru okpomọkụ nke ígwè na-amalite ịmalite austenite. Naanị n'ụzọ dị otú a nwere ike iwepụ mmetụta na-arụ ọrụ ike ma mee ka ígwè ahụ dị nro.

⑤ eserese eserese. A na-eji ya eme ígwè nkedo nwere nnukwu cimentite n'ime ígwè nkedo nke nwere ike ịdị mma na plasticity. Usoro a na-arụ ọrụ bụ ikpo ọkụ nkedo ahụ ruo ihe dịka 950 Celsius, mee ka ọ dị ọkụ ruo oge ụfọdụ wee mee ka ọ dị jụụ nke ọma iji mebie cimentite iji mepụta graphite flocculent.

⑥ Mgbasa mgbasa. A na-eji ya na-emepụta ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ nke ihe nkedo alloy ma melite arụmọrụ ya. Usoro a bụ ikpo ọkụ nkedo na okpomọkụ kachasị elu na-enweghị agbaze, ma debe ya ogologo oge, wee jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ dajụọ mgbe mgbasa nke ihe dị iche iche dị na alloy na-achọ ka a na-ekesa ya.

⑦ mgbakasị ahụ mgbakasị ahụ. A na-eji ya kpochapụ nrụgide dị n'ime nke nkedo ígwè na akụkụ ịgbado ọkụ. Maka ngwaahịa nchara, okpomọkụ nke austenite na-amalite ịmalite mgbe kpochara ọkụ bụ 100-200 ℃, enwere ike iwepụ nrụgide dị n'ime ya site na oyi na ikuku mgbe ejiri okpomọkụ.