Hlau kev paub

I. Mechanical zog ntawm steel

1. Yield point (σ S)
Thaum cov hlau los yog cov qauv yog ncab, qhov kev ntxhov siab tshaj qhov kev txwv elastic, thiab txawm tias lub siab tsis nce ntxiv lawm, cov hlau los yog cov qauv yuav txuas ntxiv mus rau qhov pom tseeb ntawm cov yas deformation. Qhov tshwm sim no hu ua yield, thiab qhov taw tes tawm los yog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tus nqi kev ntxhov siab thaum tawm los. Yog tias Ps yog lub zog sab nraud ntawm qhov taw tes tawm s thiab Fo yog qhov chaw hla ntawm cov qauv, ces qhov taw tes σ S = Ps / Fo (MPa).

2. Yield zog (σ 0.2)
Qhov taw tes tawm ntawm qee cov ntaub ntawv hlau tsis pom tseeb, thiab nws tsis yooj yim los ntsuas lawv. Yog li ntawd, txhawm rau ntsuas cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom siv, nws tau teev tseg tias qhov kev ntxhov siab ua rau cov yas deformation ruaj khov yog sib npaug rau tus nqi tshwj xeeb (feem ntau yog 0.2% ntawm qhov qub ntev), hu ua conditional yield zog lossis yield zog. s 0.2 ua.
3. Tensile zog (σ B)
Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom tiav thaum lub sij hawm nro txij thaum pib mus rau lub sij hawm nws tawg. Nws qhia lub zog ntawm cov hlau tiv thaiv kev tawg. Ua raws li lub zog tensile yog compressive zog, flexural zog, thiab lwm yam. Teem Pb raws li lub siab tshaj plaws tensile quab yuam ua ntej cov khoom yog rub tawm thiab Fo raws li tus ntoo khaub lig-section cheeb tsam ntawm tus qauv, ces lub tensile zog σ B = Pb / Fo ( MPa).
4. Ntev (δ S)
Qhov feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov yas elongation ntawm cov khoom tom qab tawg mus rau qhov qub qauv ntev yog hu ua elongation lossis elongation.
5. Yield-strength ratio (σ S / σ B)
Qhov piv ntawm qhov taw tes tawm los (yield zog) ntawm cov hlau rau lub zog tensile yog hu ua yield zog piv. Qhov siab dua qhov yield-strength ratio, qhov siab dua qhov kev ntseeg ntawm cov khoom siv. Qhov sib piv ntawm cov pa roj carbon ntau yog 0.6-0.65, cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hlau yog 0.65-0.75, thiab cov hlau alloy yog 0.84-0.86.
6. Hardness
Hardness qhia tias cov khoom tsis kam rau cov khoom nyuaj uas nias rau hauv nws qhov chaw. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov khoom siv hlau. Qhov siab dua qhov dav dav, qhov zoo dua qhov hnav tsis kam. Feem ntau siv hardness ntsuas yog Brinell hardness, Rockwell hardness, thiab Vickers hardness.
1) Brinell Hardness (HB)
Hardened steel npas ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb loj enerally 10mm) yog nias rau hauv cov khoom nto nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb load (feem ntau 3000kg) rau qee lub sij hawm. Tom qab tshem tawm, qhov sib piv ntawm cov khoom thauj mus rau qhov chaw indentation hu ua Brinell Hardness (HB).
2) Rockwell Hardness (HR)
Thaum HB> 450 lossis cov qauv me dhau, Rockwell hardness ntsuas es tsis txhob siv Brinell hardness test. Nws yog lub pob zeb diamond lub khob nrog lub kaum sab saum toj ntawm 120 degrees lossis lub pob steel nrog txoj kab uas hla ntawm 1.59 thiab 3.18 hli, uas yog nias rau hauv cov khoom ntawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv qee qhov loads, thiab indentation qhov tob txiav txim siab cov khoom hardness. Muaj peb qhov sib txawv los qhia qhov hardness ntawm cov khoom kuaj:
HRA: Hardness tau nrog 60 kg load thiab pob zeb diamond cone nias-hauv fortoughd cov ntaub ntawv xws li cemented carbides.
HRB: Hardness tau los ntawm hardening ib lub pob steel nrog ib tug load ntawm 100kg thiab ib txoj kab uas hla ntawm 1.58mm. Nws yog siv rau cov ntaub ntawv nrog qis hardness (xws li, annealed steel, cam khwb cia hlau, thiab lwm yam).
HRC: Hardness yog tau siv 150 kg load thiab pob zeb diamond cone press-in rau cov ntaub ntawv uas siab hardness, xws li hardened steel.
3) Vickers Hardness (HV)
Lub pob zeb diamond square cone presses cov khoom nto nrog ib tug load ntawm tsawg tshaj li 120 kg thiab lub sab saum toj kaum ntawm 136 degrees. Vickers hardness tus nqi (HV) yog txhais los ntawm kev faib thaj tsam ntawm cov khoom indentation recess los ntawm tus nqi thauj khoom.

II. Cov hlau dub thiab cov hlau tsis muaj hlau

1. Ferrous hlau
Nws hais txog cov hlau tsis muaj hlau thiab hlau. Xws li steel, npua hlau, ferroalloy, cam khwb cia hlau, thiab lwm yam. Hlau thiab npua hlau yog alloys raws li hlau thiab tsuas yog ntxiv nrog carbon. Lawv raug hu ua FERROCARBON alloys.
Npua hlau yog tsim los ntawm smelting hlau ore rau hauv lub qhov cub tawg, thiab nws yog tsuas yog siv rau steelmaking thiab casting.
Cam khwb cia npua hlau yog melted nyob rau hauv ib tug hlau melting rauv kom tau cam khwb cia hlau (kua hlau nrog cov ntsiab lus carbon ntau dua 2.11%). Cam khwb cia kua cam khwb cia hlau rau hauv cam khwb cia hlau, uas yog hu ua cam khwb cia hlau.
Ferroalloy yog cov hlau thiab cov khoom xws li silicon, manganese, chromium, thiab titanium. Ferroalloy yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv raw siv hauv steel ua thiab siv los ua deoxidizer thiab ntxiv rau cov ntsiab lus alloy.
Hlau yog hu ua hlau-carbon alloy nrog cov ntsiab lus carbon tsawg dua 2.11%. Hlau yog tau los ntawm kev muab npua hlau rau steelmaking rau hauv steelmaking rauv thiab smelting nws raws li ib tug txheej txheem. Cov khoom siv hlau muaj xws li ingots, nruam casting billets, thiab ncaj qha casting ntawm ntau yam steel castings. Feem ntau hais lus, steel hais txog steel dov rau hauv ntau daim ntawv hlau. Siv rau kev tsim kub forged thiab kub pressed mechanical qhov chaw, txias drawn thiab txias taub hau forged steel, seamless steel yeeb nkab mechanical manufacturing qhov chaw,CNC machining qhov chaw, thiabcasting qhov chaw.

2. Cov hlau tsis muaj hlau
Kuj hu ua non-ferrousNonferrousfers rau hlau thiab allnonferroushan ferrous hlau, xws li tooj liab, tin, lead, zinc, aluminium thiab tooj dag, bronze, aluminium alloy thiab bearing alloys. Piv txwv li, CNC tshuab dhos tuaj yeem ua ntau yam ntaub ntawv, suav nrog 316 thiab 304 stainless hlau daim hlau, carbon hlau, carbon steel, aluminium alloy, zinc alloy cov ntaub ntawv, aluminium alloy, tooj liab, hlau, yas, acrylic daim hlau, POM, UHWM, thiab lwm yam. raw khoom. Nws tuaj yeem ua tiav rau hauvCNC tig qhov chaw, milling qhov chaw, thiab complex qhov chaw nrog square thiab cylindrical lug. Tsis tas li ntawd, chromium, npib tsib xee, manganese, molybdenum, cobalt, vanadium, tungsten, thiab titanium kuj siv rau hauv kev lag luam. Cov hlau no tsuas yog siv los ua cov khoom siv ntxiv los txhim kho cov khoom ntawm cov hlau, uas yog siv cov tungsten, titanium, molybdenum, thiab lwm yam cemented carbides los tsim cov cuab yeej txiav. Cov hlau nonferrous no hu ua industrnonferrous. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj cov hlau tseem ceeb xws li platinum, kub, nyiaj, thiab cov hlau tsis tshua muaj, suav nrog cov xov tooj cua uranium thiab radium.

 

III. Classification ntawm Steel

Dhau li ntawm hlau thiab carbon, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlau muaj xws li silicon, manganese, sulfur, r, thiab phosphorus.
Muaj ntau yam kev faib tawm rau cov hlau, thiab cov tseem ceeb yog raws li hauv qab no:
1. Muab faib los ntawm Kev Ua Zoo
(1) Cov hlau (P <0.045%, S <0.050%)
(2) Cov hlau zoo (P, S <0.035%)
(3) Cov hlau zoo (P <0.035%, S <0.030%)
2. Kev faib tawm los ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg
(1) carbon steel: a. Cov pa roj carbon tsawg (C <0.25%); B. Nruab nrab carbon steel (C <0.25-0.60%); C. High carbon steel (C <0.60%).
(2) Alloy hlau: a. Tsawg alloy steel (tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus alloy <5%); B. Nruab nrab alloy steel (tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm alloy ntsiab> 5-10%); C. High alloy steel (tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm alloy> 10%).
3. Kev faib tawm los ntawm txoj kev tsim
(1) Forged steel; (2) Cam khwb cia hlau; (3) Kub dov hlau; (4) Cold drawn steel.
4. Kev faib tawm los ntawm Lub Koom Haum Metallographic
(1) Lub xeev Annealed: a. Hypoeutectoid hlau (ferrite + pearlite); B. Eutectic steel (pearlite); C. Hypereutectoid steel (pearlite + cementite); D. Ledeburite steel (pearlite + cementite).
(2) Lub xeev Normalized: A. pearlitic hlau; B. Bainitic hlau; C. martensitic hlau; D. Austenitic hlau.
(3) Tsis muaj theem kev hloov pauv lossis ib nrab theem hloov pauv
5. Muab faib los ntawm Kev Siv
(1) Kev tsim kho thiab engineering steel: a. Common carbon steel qauv; B. Tsawg alloy qauv steel; C. Reinforced steel.
(2) Steel Qauv:
A. Machinery steel: (a) tempered structural steel; (b) Surface hardening structural steels, xws li carburized, ammoniated, thiab nto hardening steels; (c) Yooj yim-txiav cov qauv hlau; (d) Cold yas forming steel, nrog rau txias stamping steel thiab txias taub hau hlau.
B. Caij nplooj ntoos hlav steel
C. Cov kabmob steel
(3) Cov cuab yeej steel: a. Cov cuab yeej carbon steel; B. Alloy cuab yeej steel; C. Kev kub ceev cov cuab yeej steel.
(4) Kev ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb steel: a. Stainless acid-resistant hlau; B. Thaum tshav kub kub-resistant steel: nrog rau cov hlau los tiv thaiv oxidation, tshav kub-lub zog steel, thiab valve steel; C. Electrothermal alloy hlau; D. Hnav-resistant steel; E. Tsawg-kub steel; F. Hluav taws xob hlau.
(5) Kev cob qhia steel - xws li choj hlau, nkoj hlau, boiler steel, siab nkoj steel, ua liaj ua teb machinery steel, thiab lwm yam.
6. Kev faib tawm dav dav
(1) Hom hlau
A. Carbon structural steel: (a) Q195; (b) Q215 (A, B); (c) Q235 (A, B, C); (d) Q255 (A, B); (e) Q275.
B. Tsawg alloy qauv hlau
C. General structural steel rau cov hom phiaj tshwj xeeb
(2) Cov hlau zoo (nrog rau cov hlau zoo)
A. Cov qauv hlau: (a) Cov khoom siv zoo carbon steel; (b) Alloy structural steel; (c) caij nplooj ntoos hlav steel; (d) Yooj yim-txiav steel; (e) Cov kabmob steel; (f) Cov qauv hlau zoo rau cov hom phiaj tshwj xeeb.
B. Cov cuab yeej steel: (a) Cov cuab yeej carbon steel; (b) Alloy cuab yeej steel; (c) High-speed tool steel.
C. Kev ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb steel: (a) stainless thiab acid-resistant steel; (b) Thaum tshav kub kub-resistant steel; (c) Hluav taws xob cua sov alloy steel; (d) Hluav taws xob hlau; (e) High manganese hnav-resistant steel.
7. Kev faib tawm los ntawm Smelting Method
(1) Raws li hom rauv
A. Hloov steel: (a) acid converter steel; (b) Alkaline converter hlau. Los yog (a) hauv qab-blown converter steel, (b) Sab-blown converter steel, (c) Sab-blown converter steel.
B. Hluav taws xob rauv hlau: (a) Hluav taws xob arc rauv hlau; (b) Electroslag rauv hlau; (c) induction rauv hlau; (d) Lub tshuab nqus tsev consumable rauv steel; (e) Electron beam rauv hlau.
(2) Raws li deoxidization degree thiab pouring system
A. Boiling hlau; B. Semi-ntev steel; C. Tua hlau; D. Tshwj xeeb tua hlau.

 

IV. Txheej txheem cej luam ntawm Steel Number Representation Method nyob rau hauv Suav teb

Cov khoom lag luam feem ntau sawv cev los ntawm kev sib txuas cov tsiaj ntawv Suav, cov cim tshuaj lom neeg, thiab tus lej Arabic. Ntawd yog:
(1) Cov cim tshuaj lom neeg thoob ntiaj teb, xws li Si, Mn, Cr, thiab lwm yam, sawv cev rau cov lej ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj. Cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb sib xyaw yog sawv cev los ntawm RE (lossis Xt).
(2) Cov khoom npe, kev siv, smelting thiab pouring txoj kev, thiab lwm yam, yog feem ntau qhia los ntawm abbreviations ntawm Suav phonetics.
(3) Cov lej Arabic qhia cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg (%) hauv cov hlau.
Thaum siv cov tsiaj ntawv Suav los sawv cev rau cov khoom npe, kev siv, cov yam ntxwv, thiab cov txheej txheem, thawj tsab ntawv feem ntau yog xaiv los ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Suav los sawv cev rau cov khoom npe. Thaum rov hais dua tsab ntawv xaiv ntawm lwm yam khoom, tsab ntawv thib ob lossis thib peb tuaj yeem siv tau, lossis thawj tus tsiaj ntawv ntawm ob lub cim Suav tuaj yeem xaiv ib txhij.
Qhov twg tsis muaj cov cim Suav lossis cov tsiaj ntawv muaj nyob rau tam sim no, cov cim yuav tsum yog cov ntawv Askiv.