Yuav ua li cas kom paub qhov txawv quenching, Tempering, Normalizing, Annealing

Tempering yog dab tsi?

Tempering yog txheej txheem kev kho cua sov uas cov khoom siv hlau quenched lossis ib feem yog rhuab mus rau qhov kub thiab txias, khaws cia rau qee lub sijhawm, thiab tom qab ntawd txias rau hauv ib txoj kev. Tempering yog kev ua haujlwm tam sim ntawd tom qab quenching thiab feem ntau yog qhov kawg ntawm kev kho cua sov ntawm lub workpiece. Cov txheej txheem ua ke ntawm quenching thiab tempering yog hu ua kev kho zaum kawg. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm quenching thiab tempering yog:

1) Txo cov kev ntxhov siab sab hauv thiab txo cov brittleness. Cov quenched qhov chaw muaj kev ntxhov siab thiab brittleness. Lawv yuav zoo li deform los yog tawg yog tias tsis tempered hauv lub sijhawm.

2) Kho cov khoom siv kho tshuab ntawm lub workpiece. Tom qab quenching, lub workpiece muaj siab hardness thiab siab brittleness. Nws tuaj yeem hloov kho los ntawm tempering, hardness, lub zog, plasticity, thiab toughness kom ua tau raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm ntau yam workpieces.

3) Stabilize qhov loj ntawm lub workpiece. Cov qauv metallographic tuaj yeem ruaj khov los ntawm tempering kom tsis muaj deformation tshwm sim thaum siv yav tom ntej.

4) Txhim kho qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm qee cov hlau alloy.
Cov nyhuv ntawm tempering yog:

① Txhim kho lub koom haum kev ruaj ntseg kom cov qauv ntawm lub workpiece tsis hloov thaum siv kom lub geometric loj thiab kev ua tau zoo nyob ruaj khov.

② Tshem tawm kev ntxhov siab sab hauv los txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom ua haujlwm thiab ua kom ruaj khov ntawm qhov loj me ntawm cov khoom ua haujlwm.

③ Kho cov khoom siv ntawm cov hlau kom ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm kev siv.

Yog vim li cas vim li cas tempering muaj cov teebmeem no yog tias thaum kub nce, cov atomic kev ua haujlwm nce. Cov atoms ntawm hlau, carbon, thiab lwm yam alloying ntsiab nyob rau hauv cov hlau yuav diffuse sai dua kom paub qhov rearrangement thiab ua ke ntawm hais, ua rau nws tsis ruaj tsis khov. Lub koom haum tsis sib npaug maj mam hloov mus rau hauv lub koom haum ruaj khov, sib npaug. Kev tshem tawm cov kev ntxhov siab sab hauv kuj muaj feem xyuam rau qhov txo qis ntawm cov hlau lub zog thaum kub nce. Thaum cov hlau dav dav yog tempered, hardness thiab lub zog txo, thiab cov plasticity nce. Qhov siab dua qhov kub thiab txias, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom siv tshuab no. Qee cov hlau alloy nrog cov ntsiab lus siab dua ntawm cov ntsiab lus alloying yuav ua rau qee qhov zoo ntawm cov hlau sib txuas thaum tempered nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias, uas yuav ua rau kom muaj zog thiab hardness. Qhov tshwm sim no hu ua Secondary hardening.
Tempering yuav tsum tau: Workpieces nrog ntau lub hom phiaj yuav tsum tau tempered ntawm ntau yam kub kom tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau rau kev siv.

① Cov cuab yeej, bearings, carburized thiab hardened qhov chaw, thiab nto hardened qhov chaw feem ntau yog tempered hauv qab 250 ° C. Lub hardness hloov me ntsis tom qab qhov kub thiab txias tempering, lub sab hauv kev nyuaj siab yog txo, thiab lub toughness yog me ntsis txhim kho.

② Lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav yog tempered ntawm nruab nrab kub ntawm 350 ~ 500 ℃ kom tau siab dua elasticity thiab tsim nyog toughness.

③ Cov khoom ua los ntawm nruab nrab carbon structural steel feem ntau yog tempered ntawm qhov kub thiab txias ntawm 500 ~ 600 ℃ kom tau txais kev sib tw zoo ntawm lub zog tsim nyog thiab tawv.

 

Thaum cov hlau yog tempered ntawm ib ncig ntawm 300 ° C, nws feem ntau nce nws brittleness. Qhov tshwm sim no yog hu ua thawj hom temper brittleness. Feem ntau, nws yuav tsum tsis txhob tempered nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias. Qee qhov nruab nrab-carbon alloy cov qauv hlau kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua nkig yog tias lawv maj mam txias rau hauv chav sov tom qab kub kub. Qhov tshwm sim no yog hu ua hom thib ob ntawm temper brittleness. Ntxiv molybdenum rau hlau los yog txias hauv cov roj los yog dej thaum lub sij hawm tempering tuaj yeem tiv thaiv ob hom temper brittleness. Hom brittleness no tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev rov ua dua ob hom tempered brittle steel rau qhov qub tempering kub.

Nyob rau hauv ntau lawm, nws yog feem ntau raws li lub workpiece qhov yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm. Raws li cov cua kub sib txawv, tempering tau muab faib ua qis-kub, nruab nrab-kub, thiab high-temperature. Cov txheej txheem kev kho cua sov uas sib txuas ua ke quenching thiab tom ntej kub-kub tempering yog hu ua quenching thiab tempering, uas txhais tau hais tias nws muaj zog thiab zoo yas toughness.

1. Tsawg-kub tempering: 150-250 ° C, M cycles, txo cov kev ntxhov siab thiab brittleness, txhim kho cov yas toughness, thiab muaj zog dua thiab hnav tsis kam. Kuv siv los ntsuas cov cuab yeej, cov cuab yeej txiav, dov bearings, thiab lwm yam.

2. Qhov nruab nrab kub tempering: 350-500 ℃, T cycle, siab elasticity, tej yam yas, thiab hardness. Siv los ua cov springs, forging tuag, thiab lwm yam.CNC machining qhov chaw

3. High-temperature tempering: 500-650 ℃, S lub sij hawm, nrog cov khoom zoo txhua yam. Kuv siv los ua cov iav, crankshafts, thiab lwm yam.

Dab tsi yog normalizing?

Normalizing yog kev kho cua sov uas txhim kho lub toughness ntawm hlau. Tom qab cov hlau tivthaiv yog rhuab mus rau 30 ~ 50 ° C saum toj no qhov kub ntawm Ac3, nws yog khaws cia sov thiab cua txias. Lub ntsiab feature yog tias qhov txias txias yog sai dua annealing thiab qis dua quenching. Thaum lub sij hawm normalizing, cov khoom siv lead ua ntawm cov hlau tuaj yeem ua kom zoo dua hauv qhov txias me ntsis. Tsis tsuas yog muaj peev xwm txaus siab rau lub zog, tab sis qhov toughness (AKV tus nqi) kuj tuaj yeem txhim kho thiab txo qis - qhov nyiam ntawm cov khoom tawg. -Tom qab normalizing kev kho mob ntawm qee qhov qis-alloy kub-kuav los tiag steel daim hlau, qis-alloy steel forgings, thiab castings, cov khoom siv kho tshuab zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem txhim kho tau zoo, thiab kev ua haujlwm txiav kuj tseem txhim kho.aluminium qhov

Normalizing muaj cov hom phiaj thiab siv hauv qab no:

① Rau hypereutectoid steels, normalizing yog siv los tshem tawm cov overheated coarse-grained qauv thiab Widmanstatten qauv ntawm cam khwb cia, forging, thiab weldments, thiab cov qauv band nyob rau hauv dov cov ntaub ntawv; ua kom cov nplej; thiab tuaj yeem siv los ua kev kho cua sov ua ntej ua ntej quenching.

② Rau hypereutectoid steels, normalizing tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov reticulated thib ob cementite thiab ua kom cov pearlite, txhim kho cov khoom siv thiab ua kom yooj yim rau cov spheroidizing annealing tom ntej.

③ Rau qis-carbon sib sib zog nqus-kos duab nyias hlau, normalizing tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov cementite dawb hauv thaj tsam lis txhawm rau txhim kho nws txoj kev kos duab sib sib zog nqus.

④ Rau cov hlau tsis muaj roj carbon tsawg thiab cov hlau tsis tshua muaj cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hlau, normalizing tuaj yeem tau txais ntau dua flake pearlite qauv, ua kom lub zog rau HB140-190, zam qhov tshwm sim ntawm "nplaum riam" thaum txiav, thiab txhim kho lub tshuab ua haujlwm. Normalizing yog ntau yig thiab yooj yim rau nruab nrab carbon steel thaum normalizing thiab annealing muaj.Tsib axes machined ib feem

⑤ Rau cov qauv nruab nrab nruab nrab carbon steel, qhov twg cov khoom siv tsis zoo tsis siab, normalizing tuaj yeem siv es tsis txhob quenching thiab high-temperature tempering, uas yooj yim rau kev khiav lag luam thiab ruaj khov hauv cov qauv thiab qhov loj ntawm cov hlau.

⑥ Kub kub normalizing (150 ~ 200 ℃ saum Ac3) tuaj yeem txo cov kev sib cais ntawm cov castings thiab forgings vim qhov siab diffusion ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Tom qab high-temperature normalization, qhov thib ob qis-kub normalization tuaj yeem kho cov nplej ntxhib.

⑦ Rau qee qhov qis- thiab nruab nrab-carbon alloy steels siv hauv chav turbines thiab boilers, normalizing feem ntau yog siv kom tau cov qauv bainite. Tom qab ntawd, tom qab qhov kub thiab txias, nws muaj kev nkag siab zoo thaum siv ntawm 400-550 ℃.

⑧ Ntxiv nrog rau cov hlau thiab hlau, normalizing kuj yog siv dav hauv kev kho cua sov ntawm cov hlau kom tau txais pearlite matrix thiab txhim kho lub zog ntawm cov hlau.

Txij li cov yam ntxwv ntawm normalizing yog cua txias, ambient kub, stacking txoj kev, airflow, thiab workpiece loj tag nrho cov cuam tshuam lub koom haum thiab kev ua tau zoo tom qab normalizing. Cov qauv normalizing kuj tseem siv tau los ua ib txoj kev faib rau cov hlau alloy. Feem ntau, alloy steels tau muab faib ua pearlite, bainite, martensitic, thiab austenitic steel raws li cov qauv tau los ntawm huab cua txias tom qab ib qho qauv nrog ib txoj kab uas hla ntawm 25 hli yog rhuab mus rau 900 ° C.

annealing yog dab tsi?

Annealing yog txheej txheem kev kho cua sov hlau uas maj mam ua kom sov cov hlau mus rau qhov kub thiab txias, khaws cia rau lub sijhawm txaus, thiab tom qab ntawd txias nws ntawm qhov tsim nyog ceev. Annealing kev kho cua sov yog muab faib ua tsis tiav, g, thiab kev ntxhov siab nyem annealing. Cov khoom siv ntawm cov khoom siv annealed tuaj yeem kuaj los ntawm kev ntsuas tensile lossis hardness. Ntau cov hlau tau muab nkag rau hauv lub xeev annealed kub kho. Lub Rockwell hardness tester tuaj yeem kuaj qhov hardness ntawm steel los kuaj HRB hardness. Rau cov hlau nyias nyias, steel strips thiab nyias-walled steel kav, nto Rockwell hardness tester tuaj yeem siv los kuaj HRT hardness. .

Lub hom phiaj ntawm annealing yog:

① Txhim kho lossis tshem tawm cov teeb meem ntawm cov txheej txheem thiab cov kev ntxhov siab uas tshwm sim los ntawm steel casting, forging, dov, thiab vuam, thiab tiv thaiv deformation thiab tawg ntawm lub workpiece.

② soften lub workpiece rau txiav.

③ Txhim kho cov nplej thiab txhim kho cov qauv txhawm rau txhim kho cov khoom siv ntawm cov khoom ua haujlwm.

④ Npaj lub koom haum rau kev kho cua sov zaum kawg (quenching, tempering).

Feem ntau siv cov txheej txheem annealing yog:

① Ua kom tiav. Nws yog siv los kho cov qauv coarse superheated nrog cov khoom siv tsis zoo tom qab casting, forging, g, thiab vuam nruab nrab thiab qis carbon steel. Ua kom sov lub workpiece rau 30-50 ℃ siab tshaj qhov kub ntawm tag nrho cov ferrite hloov mus rau hauv austenite, khaws cia rau qee lub sijhawm, tom qab ntawd maj mam txias nrog lub qhov cub. Thaum lub caij txias, lub austenite hloov dua siab tshiab los ua kom cov qauv hlau zoo dua.

② Spheroidizing annealing. Lawv yog siv los txo cov hardness siab ntawm cov cuab yeej steel thiab bearing steel tom qab forging. Lub workpiece yog rhuab mus rau 20-40 ° C saum toj no qhov kub thiab txias uas cov hlau ua austenite thiab maj mam txias tom qab tuav qhov kub. Thaum lub sij hawm txias, lamellar cementite nyob rau hauv pearlite ua kheej kheej, txo cov hardness.

③ Isothermal annealing. Nws txo cov hardness ntawm qee cov qauv hlau alloy nrog ntau dua nickel thiab chromium cov ntsiab lus rau kev txiav. Feem ntau, nws yog txias rau qhov kub tsis ruaj khov tshaj plaws ntawm austenite ntawm tus nqi nrawm. Tom qab tuav lub sij hawm tsim nyog, lub austenite hloov mus rau hauv troostite los yog sorbite, thiab lub hardness yuav txo tau.

④ Recrystallization annealing. Nws tshem tawm cov phenomenon hardening (nce hardness thiab txo nyob rau hauv plasticity) ntawm hlau hlau thiab ntawv thaum txias txias thiab dov. Cov cua kub feem ntau yog 50 txog 150 ° C hauv qab qhov kub ntawm cov hlau pib tsim austenite. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv txoj kev no tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov kev ua haujlwm-hardening, thiab cov hlau tuaj yeem muag muag.

⑤ Graphitization annealing. Nws yog siv los ua cam khwb cia hlau uas muaj ntau cov cementite rau hauv malleable cam khwb cia hlau nrog zoo plasticity. Cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm yog kom sov lub casting mus txog 950 ° C, ua kom sov rau ib lub sijhawm, thiab tom qab ntawd txias kom tsim nyog rau decompose cov cementite los ua flocculent graphite.

⑥ Diffusion annealing. Nws yog siv los homogenize cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm alloy castings thiab txhim kho nws cov kev ua tau zoo. Cov txheej txheem yog kom sov lub casting mus rau qhov siab tshaj plaws qhov kub thiab txias tsis melting nws rau ib ntev lub sij hawm thiab maj mam txias tom qab lub diffusion ntawm ntau yam nyob rau hauv lub alloy, uas nyhav kom sib npaug.

⑦ Kev ntxhov siab rau kev ntxhov siab. Nws tshem tawm cov kev ntxhov siab sab hauv ntawm steel castings thiab vuam qhov chaw. Rau cov khoom siv hlau, qhov kub ntawm qhov austenite pib tsim tom qab cua sov yog 100-200 ℃, thiab kev ntxhov siab sab hauv tuaj yeem tshem tawm los ntawm cua txias tom qab tuav qhov kub.