Ke hana nei ka mīkini no ke ola a pau, he aha ke ʻano o ka 4.4 a me 8.8 ma ka pahu?

Ma hope o ka hana ʻana ma ke ʻano he mīkini no nā makahiki he nui, ʻaʻole pono ʻoe e ʻike i ke ʻano o nā lepili ma nā wili, ʻeā?

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā māka hana o nā bolts no ka hoʻohui ʻana i ke kila i ʻoi aku ma mua o 10 mau māka e like me 3.6, 4.6, 4.8, 5.6, 6.8, 8.8, 9.8, 10.9, 12.9, a pēlā aku. ʻO ke kila kila haʻahaʻa a i ʻole ke kila kalapona liʻiliʻi a ua mālama ʻia i ka wela (quenching, tempering), i ʻike mau ʻia ʻo nā bolts ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ke koena ka mea maʻamau i kapa ʻia he mau bolts maʻamau. ʻO ka lepili papa hana bolt he ʻelua ʻāpana o nā helu, e hōʻike ana i ka waiwai ikaika tensile nominal a me ka ratio hua o ka mea bolt. E laʻa:
ʻO nā kī o ka papa waiwai 4.6 mean:
ʻO ka ikaika tensile nominal o ka mea bolt hiki i 400MPa;
ʻO ka lākiō hua o ka mea bolt he 0.6;
ʻO ka ikaika hāʻawi inoa o ka mea bolt he 400 × 0.6 = 240MPa.
ʻO ka pae hana 10.9 mau bolts ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ma hope o ka mālama wela, hiki ke hoʻokō:
ʻO ka ikaika tensile nominal o ka mea bolt hiki i 1000MPa;
ʻO ka lākiō hua o ka mea bolt he 0.9;
ʻO ka ikaika hāʻawi inoa o ka mea bolt he 1000 × 0.9 = 900MPa.

ʻO ke ʻano o ka papa hana bolt he kūlana honua. ʻO nā pahu o ka papa hana hoʻokahi, me ka nānā ʻole i ka ʻokoʻa o ka mea a me ke kumu, loaʻa ka hana like, a ʻo ka māka hana wale nō ke koho ʻia i ka hoʻolālā.
ʻO ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo 8.8 a me 10.9 mau māka ikaika ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo ka pale ʻana o ke koʻikoʻi o ka bolt ʻo 8.8GPa a me 10.9GPa.
8.8 Nominal tensile ikaika 800N/MM2 Nominal yield ikaika 640N/MM2
Hoʻohana nā kī nui i ka "XY" no ka hōʻike ʻana i ka ikaika, X*100=ka ikaika tensile o kēia bolt, X*100*(Y/10)=ka ikaika hoʻohua o kēia bolt (no ka mea, e like me nā lula: yield strength/tensile strength =Y /10)
No ka laʻana, ka papa 4.8, ʻo ka ikaika tensile o kēia bolt: 400MPa; ʻO ka ikaika hua: 400 * 8/10 = 320MPa.
ʻO kekahi: hōʻailona pinepine ʻia nā bolts stainless steel e like me A4-70, A2-70, wehewehe ʻia ke ʻano.
ana
ʻElua mau ʻāpana nui o ke ana lōʻihi ma ka honua i kēia mau lā, ʻo ia ka ʻōnaehana metric, a ʻo ka ʻāpana o ke ana ʻana he mika (m), kenimika (cm), millimeters (mm), etc. ʻO ke ʻano ka ʻōnaehana imperial, a ʻO ka ʻāpana o ke ana he mau iniha ka nui, ua like ia me ka ʻīniha mākeke o ka ʻōnaehana kahiko ma koʻu ʻāina, a hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Pelekane a me nā ʻāina ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika.
Ana ana: (decimal) 1m = 100 knm = 1000 mm
Ana Imperial: (8 ʻōnaehana) 1 ʻīniha = 8 keneta 1 ʻīniha = 25.4 mm 3/8 × 25.4 = 9.52
Hoʻohana nā huahana ma lalo o 1/4 i ka helu serial e hōʻike i ko lākou anawaena kelepona, e like me: 4#, 5#, 6#, 7#, 8#, 10#, 12#

kaulahao
ʻO ke kaula he ʻano ia me nā ʻōhua helical like ʻole ma ka ʻāpana keʻa o ka ʻili paʻa i waho a i loko paha. Ma muli o kāna mau hiʻohiʻona a me kona hoʻohana ʻana, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana:
Loko maʻamau: He triangular ke ʻano o ka niho a hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻohui a hoʻopaʻa i nā ʻāpana. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā milo maʻamau i ʻelua ʻano: ʻo ka milo koʻikoʻi a me ka milo maikaʻi e like me ka pitch, a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka pilina pili o ka milo maikaʻi.
ʻO ke kaula hoʻouna: Aia nā ʻano niho trapezoidal, rectangular, ʻano ʻili a me nā niho triangular.
Loko hoʻopaʻa: hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻopili sila ʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka milo paipu, ke kaula liʻiliʻi a me ke kaula paipu liʻiliʻi.
Hoʻokaʻawale ma ke ʻano:

Papa kūpono i ke kaula

ʻO ke kūpono o ka milo ka nui ākea a paʻa paha ma waena o nā kaula i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, a ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kūpono ʻo ia ka hui pū ʻana o nā deviations a me nā ʻae ʻana e hana ana i nā kaula i loko a me waho.
1. No nā ʻīniha ʻīniha hoʻokahi, aia ʻekolu mau māka no nā lola waho: 1A, 2A a me 3A, a ʻekolu mau māka no nā lola kūloko: 1B, 2B a me 3B, ʻo ia mau mea a pau he kūpono kūpono. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka helu helu, ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ke kūpono. I loko o nā ʻīniha ʻīniha, ua ʻōlelo ʻia ka ʻae ʻana no nā papa 1A a me 2A, ʻo ka ʻae ʻana o ka papa 3A ʻaʻole ia, a ua like ka haʻalele ʻana o ka papa 1A a me 2A. ʻO ka nui o nā pae, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻomanawanui.
ʻO nā papa 1A a me 1B, nā papa hoʻomanawanui loa, i kūpono no ka hoʻomanawanui ʻana o nā kaula o loko a me waho.
ʻO nā papa 2A a me 2B nā māka hoʻomanawanui maʻamau i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no nā mea hoʻopaʻa mīkini ʻīniha.
ʻO nā papa 3A a me 3B, i hui pū ʻia e hana i ka mea paʻa loa, kūpono i nā mea hoʻopaʻa hoʻomanawanui paʻa a hoʻohana ʻia i nā hoʻolālā koʻikoʻi palekana.
No nā milo waho, ʻae kūpono ka papa 1A a me 2A, ʻaʻole hiki i ka papa 3A. ʻO ka hoʻomanawanui 1A he 50% ka nui ma mua o ka 2A a me 75% ka nui ma mua o ka 3A. No ke kaula i loko, ʻo ka 2B ka hoʻomanawanui he 30% ka nui ma mua o ka 2A. ʻO ka papa 1B he 50% ka nui ma mua o ka papa 2B a he 75% ka nui ma mua o ka papa 3B.
2. ʻO nā lola metric, aia ʻekolu mau pae lola no nā lola waho: 4h, 6h a me 6g, a ʻekolu mau pae lola no nā lola kūloko: 5H, 6H, 7H. (Ua māhele ʻia ka papa pololei o ka lola maʻamau Kepanī i ʻekolu mau māka: I, II, a me III, a ʻo ia ka papa II maʻamau.) Ma ka pae metric, ʻo ka ʻokoʻa kumu o H a me h he zero. ʻO ka haʻalele kumu o G he maikaʻi, a ʻo ka haʻalele kumu o e, f, a me g he ʻino.
ʻO H kahi kūlana hoʻomanawanui maʻamau no nā milo o loko, a ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he uhi ʻili, a i ʻole hoʻohana ʻia kahi papa phosphating lahilahi. Hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻokoʻa kumu o ke kūlana G no nā hanana kūikawā, e like me ka uhi ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa, ʻaʻole i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia.
Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo g e ʻaʻahu i kahi uhi lahilahi o 6-9um. No ka laʻana, pono ke kaha kiʻi huahana i 6h bolt, a ʻo ke kaula ma mua o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana e hoʻohana i kahi ʻāpana hoʻomanawanui 6g.
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hui ʻana o ke kaula i H/g, H/h a i ʻole G/h. No nā loina hoʻopaʻa hoʻomaʻemaʻe e like me nā bolts a me nā nati, ʻōlelo ka maʻamau i kahi kūpono o 6H/6g.
3. Hoailona pae
ʻO nā ʻāpana geometric koʻikoʻi o ka paʻi ʻana iā ia iho a me ka ʻeli ʻana iho
1. ʻO ke anawaena nui/ke anawaena o waho (d1): ʻO ia ke anawaena cylindrical noʻonoʻo o ka coincidence o nā piko milo. ʻO ke anawaena nui o ka milo e hōʻike ana i ke anawaena inoa o ka nui o ka milo.
2. ʻO ke anawaena liʻiliʻi/ke anawaena aʻa (d2): ʻO ia ke anawaena o ka cylinder noʻonoʻo kahi e hui like ai ke aʻa milo.
3. Ka mamao o ka niho (p): ka mamao axial ma waena o nā niho pili e pili ana i ʻelua kiko ma ka meridiana waena. Ma ka ʻōnaehana imperial, hōʻike ʻia ka pitch e ka helu o nā niho i kēlā me kēia ʻīniha (25.4mm).
Ma lalo iho nei nā kikoʻī maʻamau o ka pitch (metric) a me ka helu o nā niho (imperial)
1) Paʻi ponoʻī iā metric:
Nā kikoʻī: S T1.5, S T1.9, S T2.2, S T2.6, S T2.9, S T3.3, S T3.5, S T3.9, S T4.2, S T4. 8, S T5.5, S T6.3, S T8.0, S T9.5
Pitch: 0.5, 0.6, 0.8, 0.9, 1.1, 1.3, 1.3, 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 1.8, 2.1, 2.1
2) ʻīniha paʻi iho:
Nā kikoʻī: 4#, 5#, 6#, 7#, 8#, 10#, 12#, 14#
Ka helu o nā niho: AB niho 24, 20, 20, 19, 18, 16, 14, 14
He niho 24, 20, 18, 16, 15, 12, 11, 10