ʻIke kila

I. Mechanical waiwai o ke kila

1. Lae hua (σ S)
Ke hohola ʻia ke kila a i ʻole ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ke koʻikoʻi ma mua o ka palena elastic, a inā ʻaʻole e piʻi hou ke kaomi, e hoʻomau ʻia ke kila a i ʻole ka laʻana. Kapa ʻia kēia ʻano he hua, a ʻo ka helu hoʻohua ka waiwai koʻikoʻi liʻiliʻi ke loaʻa ka hua. Inā ʻo Ps ka ikaika o waho ma ke kiko hua s a ʻo Fo ka ʻāpana kea o ka hāpana, a laila ʻo ke kiko hua σ S = Ps/Fo (MPa).

2. Ka ikaika hua (σ 0.2)
ʻAʻole maopopo loa ka helu hua o kekahi mau mea metala, a ʻaʻole maʻalahi ke ana ʻana iā lākou. No laila, no ke ana ʻana i ka waiwai o nā mea waiwai, ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi mau loa me kahi waiwai kikoʻī (maʻamau 0.2% o ka lōʻihi kumu), i kapa ʻia ʻo conditional yield strength a i ʻole yield strength. σ 0.2.
3. ʻO ka ikaika uʻi (σ B)
ʻO ke koʻikoʻi kiʻekiʻe loa i loaʻa i kahi mea i ka wā o ka haʻalulu mai ka hoʻomaka a i ka wā e haki ai. Hōʻike ia i ka ikaika o ke kila i ka haki ʻana. E pili ana i ka ikaika tensile ka ikaika compressive, flexural strength, etc. E hoonoho i ka Pb i ka tensile ikaika loa ma mua o ka huki 'ana o ka mea a me ka Fo ma ke 'ano o ke kea o ka hāpana, a laila ka ikaika tensile σ B= Pb/Fo ( MPa).
4. Elongation (δ S)
ʻO ka pākēneka o ka elongation plastic o kahi mea ma hope o ka haki ʻana i ka lōʻihi kumu kumu i kapa ʻia ʻo elongation a i ʻole elongation.
5. Lakiō hua-ikaika (σ S/ σ B)
ʻO ka lakio o ka helu huaʻai (ka ikaika hua) o ke kila i ka ikaika tensile i kapa ʻia ʻo ka yield strength ratio. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka lākiō hua-ikaika, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hilinaʻi o nā ʻāpana hana. ʻO ka lākiō hua-ikaika o ke kila kalapona maʻamau he 0.6-0.65, he 0.65-0.75 ke kila kila haʻahaʻa, a he 0.84-0.86 ke kila kila kila.
6. Oolea
Hōʻike ka paʻakikī i ke kūʻē ʻana o ka mea i nā mea paʻakikī e kaomi ana i kona ʻili. ʻO ia kekahi o nā papa kuhikuhi hana koʻikoʻi o nā mea metala. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka paʻakikī maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pale ʻana i ka lole. ʻO nā hōʻailona paʻakikī maʻamau ʻo Brinell hardness, Rockwell hardness, a me Vickers hardness.
1) ʻO Brinell Hardness (HB)
ʻO nā pōpō kila paʻakikī o kahi nui kikoʻī enerally 10mm) e kaomi ʻia i loko o ka ʻili o ka mea me kahi ukana kikoʻī (maʻamau 3000kg) no kekahi manawa. Ma hope o ka wehe ʻana, ua kapa ʻia ka lakio o ka ukana i ka wahi indentation ʻo Brinell Hardness (HB).
2) ʻO Rockwell Hardness (HR)
Ke liʻiliʻi loa ka HB>450 a i ʻole ka hāpana, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke ana paʻakikī ʻo Rockwell ma kahi o ka hoʻāʻo paʻakikī Brinell. He cone daimana me kahi kihi o luna o 120 degere a i ʻole he kinipōpō kila me ke anawaena o 1.59 a me 3.18 mm, i kaomi ʻia i ka ʻili o ka mea ma lalo o kekahi mau ukana, a ʻo ka hohonu o ka indentation e hoʻoholo i ka paʻakikī o ka mea. ʻEkolu mau unahi like ʻole e hōʻike i ka paʻakikī o ka mea i hoʻāʻo ʻia:
HRA: Loaʻa ka paʻakikī me ka ukana 60 kg a me kahi mea paʻi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ka cone daimana e like me ka carbide cemented.
HRB: ʻO ka paʻakikī i loaʻa ma ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka pōpō kila me ka ukana o 100kg a me ke anawaena o 1.58mm. Hoʻohana ʻia ia no nā mea me ka paʻakikī haʻahaʻa (e laʻa, ke kila annealed, hao hoʻolei, etc.).
HRC: Loaʻa ka paʻakikī me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ukana 150 kg a me kahi kaomi cone daimana no nā mea me ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe, e like me ke kila paʻa.
3) ʻO Vickers Hardness (HV)
ʻO kahi paʻi cone square diamond e kaomi i ka ʻili waiwai me ka haʻahaʻa o lalo o 120 kg a me kahi kihi kiʻekiʻe o 136 degere. Ua wehewehe ʻia ka waiwai paʻakikī o Vickers (HV) ma ka puʻunaue ʻana i ka ʻili o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā mea me ka waiwai ukana.

II. Metala ʻeleʻele a me nā metala ʻole

1. Metala Ferrous
ʻAʻole ia e hōʻike i ka hao a me ka hao. E like me ke kila, ka hao puaʻa, ka ferroalloy, ka hao, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Ua kapa ʻia lākou he mau alloys FERROCARBON.
Hana ʻia ka hao puaʻa ma o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka hao i loko o ka umu ahi, a hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka hana kila a me ka hoʻolei ʻana.
Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka hao puaʻa i loko o kahi umu hoʻoheheʻe hao no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hao (ka hao wai me ka ʻike kalapona ʻoi aku ma mua o 2.11%). E hoʻolei i ka hao i loko o ka hao hoʻoheheʻe, i kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka hao.
ʻO Ferroalloy kahi huila o ka hao a me nā mea e like me ke silika, manganese, chromium, a me ka titanium. ʻO Ferroalloy kekahi o nā mea maka i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana kila a hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he deoxidizer a me nā mea hoʻohui no nā mea alloy.
Kapa ʻia ke kila iron-carbon alloy me ka loaʻa kalapona ma lalo o 2.11%. Loaʻa ke kila ma ka hoʻokomoʻana i ka hao puaʻa no ka hana kila i loko o ka umu ahi a hoʻoheheʻeʻia e like me ke kaʻina hana. ʻO nā huahana kila nā ingots, nā billet hoʻolei hoʻomau, a me ka hoʻolei pololei ʻana i nā mea hao like ʻole. Ma ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, pili ke kila i ke kila i ʻōwili ʻia i loko o nā ʻāpana kila he nui. Hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana mechanical forged wela a me ka wela, huki ʻia ke anu a me ke poʻo anu i ke kila forged, seamless steel pipe mechanical manufacturing parts,ʻāpana mīkini CNC, aʻāpana hoʻolei.

2. Nā metala non-ferrous
ʻIke ʻia hoʻi he non-ferrousNonferrousfers i nā metala a me nā metala ferrous allnonferroushan, e like me ke keleawe, ka tin, ke kēpau, zinc, aluminika a me ke keleawe, keleawe, alumini alumini a me nā mea hoʻohui. No ka laʻana, hiki i ka CNC lathe ke hana i nā mea like ʻole, e like me 316 a me 304 mau ʻāpana kila kila, ke kila kalapona, ke kila kalapona, ka alumini alumini, nā mea hao zinc, aluminika, keleawe, hao, plastic, acrylic plates, POM, UHWM, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. mea maka. Hiki ke hana ʻia i lokoʻāpana huli ʻo CNC, ʻāpana wili, a me nā ʻāpana paʻakikī me nā ʻano huinaha a me nā ʻano cylindrical. Eia kekahi, hoʻohana ʻia ka chromium, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, cobalt, vanadium, tungsten, a me ka titanium i ka ʻoihana. Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia mau metala e like me nā mea hoʻohui alloy e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā waiwai o nā metala, kahi i hoʻohana ʻia ai ka tungsten, titanium, molybdenum, a me nā carbide cemented e hana i nā mea hana ʻoki. Ua kapa ʻia kēia mau metala nonferrous he industrnonferrous. Eia kekahi, aia nā metala makamae e like me ka platinum, ke gula, ke kālā, a me nā metala laha ʻole, me ka radioactive uranium a me ka radium.

 

III. Hoʻokaʻawale i ke kila

Ma waho aʻe o ka hao a me ke kalapona, ʻo nā mea nui o ke kila he silika, manganese, sulfur, r, a me ka phosphorus.
Aia nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike like ʻole no ke kila, a ʻo nā mea nui e like me kēia:
1. E hoʻokaʻawale i ka maikaʻi
(1) Ke kila maʻamau (P <0.045%, S <0.050%)
(2) Ke kila kila kiʻekiʻe (P, S <0.035%)
(3) Ke kila kila kiʻekiʻe (P <0.035%, S <0.030%)
2. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka haku melemele
(1) Ke kila kalapona: a. Ke kila kalapona haʻahaʻa (C <0.25%); B. Medium carbon steel (C <0.25-0.60%); C. Ke kila kalapona kiʻekiʻe (C <0.60%).
(2) Ke kila kila: a. ʻO ke kila kila haʻahaʻa (ka nui o nā mea i hoʻohuiʻia ma lalo o 5%); B. Medium alloy steel (ka nui o ka maʻiʻo o nā mea hoʻohuihui> 5-10%); C. Ke kila kila kiʻekiʻe (ka nui o nā mea i hoʻohuihui ʻia> 10%).
3. Hoʻokaʻawale ma ke ʻano hana
(1) Ke kila forged; (2) Ke kila kila; (3) Ke kila ʻōwili wela; (4) Ke kila huki anu.
4. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka Hui Metallographic
(1) Mokuʻāina Annealed: a. Hypoeutectoid kila (ferrite + pearlite); B. Ke kila Eutectic (pearlite); C. Ke kila Hypereutectoid (pearlite + cementite); D. Ledeburite kila (pearlite + cementite).
(2) Kūlana maʻamau: A. kila pearlitic; B. Ke kila Bainitic; C. kila martensitic; D. Austenitic kila.
(3) ʻAʻohe hoʻololi ʻāpana a i ʻole hoʻololi ʻāpana hapa
5. Hoʻokaʻawale ma ka hoʻohana ʻana
(1) Kūkulu a me ka ʻenekinia kila: a. ʻO ke kila kalapona maʻamau; B. Haʻahaʻa alloy structural steel; C. Ke kila ikaika.
(2) Ke kila kila:
A. Mīkini kila: (a) tempered structural kila; (b) ʻO nā kila hoʻopaʻa paʻa i ka ʻili, me nā kila i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka ʻili, ka amonia, a me ka ʻili; (c) Ke kila hoʻolālā maʻalahi; (d) Ke kila hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka ʻilika anuanu, me ke kila hoʻoheheʻe anuanu a me ke kila poʻo anu.
B. Ke kila puna
C. Hapai i ke kila
(3) Mea kila: a. Ke kila mea hana kalapona; B. Ke kila kila kila; C. Ke kila mea hana kiʻekiʻe.
(4) Ke kila hana kūikawā: a. Ke kila ʻakika-kūʻole; B. Heat-resistant steel: me ke kila anti-oxidation, ke kila ikaika wela, a me ke kila valve; C. Electrothermal alloy steel; D. Ke kila pale ʻaʻahu; E. Haʻahaʻa-mahana kila; F. Ke kila uila.
(5) Ke kila ʻoihana - e like me ke kila alahaka, ke kila moku, ke kila boiler, ke kila moku kaomi, ke kila mīkini mahiʻai, etc.
6. Hoʻohui piha
(1) Ke kila maʻamau
A. Ke kila kila kila: (a) Q195; (b) Q215 (A, B); (c) Q235 (A, B, C); (d) Q255 (A, B); (e) Q275.
B. Haʻahaʻa alloy structural steel
C. Ke kila kila nui no nā kumu kiko'ī
(2) Ke kila kiʻekiʻe (me ke kila kiʻekiʻe)
A. Ke kila kila: (a) Ke kila kila kila kiʻekiʻe; (b) Alloy structural steel; (c) puna kila; (d) Ke kila ʻoki maʻalahi; (e) Hapai i ke kila; (f) Ke kila kila kiʻekiʻe no nā kumu kikoʻī.
B. Mea kila kila: (a) Carbon mea kila; (b) Ke kila kila kila; (c) Ke kila mea hana kiʻekiʻe.
C. Ke kila hana kūikawā: (a) ke kila kila a me ka ʻakika; (b) Ke kila pale wela; (c) Ke kila wela uila; (d) Ke kila uila; (e) Ke kila aahu-kūpono manganese kiʻekiʻe.
7. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe
(1) E like me ke ʻano o ka umu ahi
A. Ke kila hoʻololi: (a) kila hoʻololi waika; (b) Ke kila hoʻololi alkaline. A i ʻole (a) kila hoʻololi i puhi ʻia i lalo, (b) kila hoʻololi ʻaoʻao, (c) kila hoʻololi ʻana i luna.
B. Uila kapuahi kila: (a) Uila kapuahi kila; (b) Electroslag kapuahi kila; (c) ke kila kapuahi induction; (d) Ke kila kapuahi hoʻopau ʻia; (e) Ke kila ipu hao hao.
(2) E like me ka deoxidization degree a me ka ninini ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana
H. Ke kila paila; B. Ke kila Semi-calm; C. Killed steel; D. Ke kila make kūikawā.

 

IV. Nānā i ke ʻano o ka helu kila ma Kina

Hōʻike pinepine ʻia ka brand huahana ma ka hui ʻana i ka pīʻāpā Kina, ka hōʻailona mea kemika, a me ka helu Arabic. ʻo ia:
(1) ʻO nā hōʻailona kemika honua, e like me Si, Mn, Cr, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, e hōʻike ana i nā mea kemika o nā helu kila. Hōʻike ʻia nā mea hoʻohui honua laha ʻole e RE (a i ʻole Xt).
(2) ʻO ka inoa o ka huahana, hoʻohana, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me nā ʻano o ka ninini ʻana, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, e hōʻike ʻia e nā pōkole o ka phonetics Kina.
(3) Hōʻike nā huahelu Arabic i ka ʻike o nā mea kemika alakaʻi (%) i ke kila.
I ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pīʻāpā Pākē e hōʻike i ka inoa huahana, hoʻohana, nā ʻano, a me ke ʻano hana, koho ʻia ka leka mua mai ka pīʻāpā Kina e hōʻike i ka inoa huahana. I ka hana hou ʻana i ka leka i koho ʻia o kahi huahana ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka leka ʻelua a i ʻole ke kolu, a i ʻole hiki ke koho ʻia ka alphabet mua o ʻelua mau huaʻōlelo Kina i ka manawa like.
Inā ʻaʻohe huaʻōlelo Kina a i ʻole ka pīpaʻa i loaʻa i kēia manawa, ʻo nā hōʻailona he mau leka Pelekane.